Autoionization

Autoionization is a process by which an atom or a molecule in an excited state spontaneously emits one of the outer-shell electrons, thus going from a state with charge Z to a state with charge Z + 1, for example from an electrically neutral state to a singly ionized state.[1]

This article is about autoionization of a single atom or molecule in atomic physics. For molecular autoionization by reaction of two identical molecules (a different process studied in solution chemistry), see Molecular autoionization. For autoionization in liquid water, see Self-ionization of water.

Autoionizing states are usually short-lived, and thus can be described as Fano resonances rather than normal bound states. They can be observed as variations in the ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules, by photoionization, electron ionization and other methods.

Examples

As examples, several Fano resonances in the extreme ultraviolet photoionization spectrum of neon are attributed to autoionizing states.[2] Some are due to one-electron excitations, such as a series of three strong similarly shaped peaks at energies of 45.546, 47.121 and 47.692 eV which are interpreted as 1s2 2s1 2p6 np (1P) states for n = 3, 4 and 5. These states of neutral neon lie beyond the first ionization energy because it takes more energy to excite a 2s electron than to remove a 2p electron. When autoionization occurs, the np → 2s de-excitation provides the energy needed to remove one 2p electron and form the Ne+ ground state.

Other resonances are attributed to two-electron excitations. The same neon photoionization spectrum considered above contains a fourth strong resonance in the same region at 44.979 eV but with a very different shape, which is interpreted as the 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s 3p (1P) state.[2] For autoionization, the 3s → 2p transition provides the energy to remove the 3p electron.

Electron ionization allows the observation of some states which cannot be excited by photons due to selection rules. In neon for example again, the excitation of triplet states is forbidden by the spin selection rule ΔS = 0, but the 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s 3p (3P) has been observed by electron ionization at 42.04 eV.[3] Ion impact by high energy H+, He+ and Ne+ ions has also been used.[4]

If a core electron is missing, a positive ion can autoionize further and lose a second electron in the Auger effect. In neon, X-ray excitation can remove a 1s electron, producing an excited Ne+ ion with configuration 1s1 2s2 2p6. In the subsequent Auger process a 2s → 1s transition and simultaneous emission of a second electron from 2p leads to the Ne2+ 1s2 2s1 2p5 ionic state.

Molecules, in addition, can have vibrationally autoionizing Rydberg states, in which the small amount of energy necessary to ionize a Rydberg state is provided by vibrational excitation.[5]

Autodetachment

When the excited state of the atom or molecule consists of a compound state of a neutral particle and a resonantly attached electron, autoionization is referred to as autodetachment. In this case the compound state begins with a net negative charge before the autoionization process, and ends with a neutral charge. The ending state will often be vibrationally or rotationally excited state as a result of excess energy from the resonant attachment process.[6]

References
  1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "auto-ionization". doi:10.1351/goldbook.A00526
  2. Codling, K., Madden, R.P. and Ederer, D.L. (1967), Resonances in the Photoionization Continuum of Ne I (20-150 eV), Phys. Rev. 155, 26-37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.155.26
  3. Bolduc, E., Quéméner, J.J. and Marmet, P. (1972) Autoionizing 2s2 2p4 3s 3l States of Ne and Related Ne− Resonances, J. Chem. Phys. 57, 1957-66 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1678515
  4. Edwards, A. K.; Rudd, M. E. (1968). "Excitation of Auto-Ionizing Levels in Neon by Ion Impact". Physical Review. 170 (1): 140–144. Retrieved 23 February 2023. Auto-ionizing states of neutral and singly ionized neon were produced by bombarding neon gas with H+, He+, and Ne+ ions in the 150-250-keV energy range.
  5. Pratt, S.T. (2005), "Vibrational Autoionization in Polyatomic Molecules", Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 56 (1): 281–308, Bibcode:2005ARPC...56..281P, doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.56.092503.141204, PMID 15796702
  6. Schulz, George J. (1 July 1973). "Resonances in Electron Impact on Diatomic Molecules". Reviews of Modern Physics. 45 (3): 423–486. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.45.423. Retrieved 30 January 2021.


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