Standard electrode potential (data page)

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, at:

Main article: Standard electrode potential

The Nernst equation adjusts for general concentrations, pressures, or temperatures.

Simultaneous half-reactions do not in general add voltages, but instead add Gibbs free energy change: the product of the voltage and the number of electrons transferred, typically the Faraday constant. For example, from Fe2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fe(s) (–0.44 V), the energy to create one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe2+ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 895 J/(mol  e−). That value is also the standard formation energy for an Fe2+ ion, since  e− and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example:

Additivity of Gibbs energy implies

not the experimental 0.159 V.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction E° / V Electrons
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
Sr Sr+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Sr(s) -4.101 1
Ca Ca+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ca(s) -3.8 1
Th Th4+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Th3+
 -3.6 1
Pr Pr3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Pr2+
 -3.1 1
N 3N
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2HN
3(aq)		 -3.09 2
Li Li+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Li(s) -3.0401 1
N N
2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2NH
2OH(aq) + 2 OH−		 -3.04 2
Cs Cs+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Cs(s) -3.026 1
Ca Ca(OH)
2 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ca(s) + 2 OH− -3.02 2
Er Er3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Er2+
 -3 1
Ba Ba(OH)
2 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ba(s) + 2 OH− -2.99 2
Rb Rb+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Rb(s) -2.98 1
K K+
 +  e−		 ⇌ K(s) -2.931 1
Ba Ba2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ba(s) -2.912 2
La La(OH)
3(s) + 3 e−		 ⇌ La(s) + 3 OH− -2.9 3
Fr Fr+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Fr(s) -2.9 1
Sr Sr2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sr(s) -2.899 2
Sr Sr(OH)
2 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sr(s) + 2 OH− -2.88 2
Ca Ca2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ca(s) -2.868 2
Li Li+
 + C
6(s) +  e−		 ⇌ LiC
6(s)		 -2.84 1
Eu Eu2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Eu(s) -2.812 2
Ra Ra2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ra(s) -2.8 2
Ho Ho3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ho2+ -2.8 1
Bk Bk3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Bk2+
 -2.8 1
Yb Yb2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Yb(s) -2.76 2
Na Na+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Na(s) -2.71 1
Mg Mg+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Mg(s) -2.7 1
Nd Nd3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Nd2+
 -2.7 1
Mg Mg(OH)
2 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Mg(s) + 2 OH− -2.69 2
Sm Sm2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sm(s) -2.68 2
Be Be
2O2−
3 + 3H2O + 4 e−		 ⇌ 2Be(s) + 6 OH− -2.63 4
Pm Pm3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Pm2+
 -2.6 1
Dy Dy3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Dy2+
 -2.6 1
No No2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ No -2.5 2
Hf HfO(OH)
2 + H2O + 4 e−		 ⇌ Hf(s) + 4 OH− -2.5 4
Th Th(OH)
4 + 4 e−		 ⇌ Th(s) + 4 OH− -2.48 4
Md Md2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Md -2.4 2
Tm Tm2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Tm(s) -2.4 2
La La3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ La(s) -2.379 3
Y Y3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Y(s) -2.372 3
Mg Mg2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Mg(s) -2.372 2
ScScF3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−⇌Sc(s) + 3HF(aq)-2.373
Zr ZrO(OH)
2(s) + H2O + 4 e−		 ⇌ Zr(s) + 4 OH− -2.36 4
Pr Pr3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Pr(s) -2.353 3
Ce Ce3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ce(s) -2.336 3
Er Er3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Er(s) -2.331 3
Ho Ho3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ho(s) -2.33 3
Al H
2AlO−
3 + H2O + 3 e−		 ⇌ Al(s) + 4 OH− -2.33 3
Nd Nd3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Nd(s) -2.323 3
Tm Tm3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Tm(s) -2.319 3
Al Al(OH)
3(s) + 3 e−		 ⇌ Al(s) + 3 OH− -2.31 3
Sm Sm3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Sm(s) -2.304 3
Fm Fm2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fm -2.3 2
Am Am3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Am2+
 -2.3 1
Dy Dy3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Dy(s) -2.295 3
Lu Lu3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Lu(s) -2.28 3
ScScF+
2 + 2 H+ + 3 e−		⇌Sc(s) + 2HF(l)-2.283
Tb Tb3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Tb(s) -2.28 3
Gd Gd3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Gd(s) -2.279 3
H H
2(g) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2H−
 -2.23 2
Es Es2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Es(s) -2.23 2
Pm Pm2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pm(s) -2.2 2
Tm Tm3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Tm2+ -2.2 1
Dy Dy2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Dy(s) -2.2 2
Ac Ac3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ac(s) -2.2 3
Yb Yb3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Yb(s) -2.19 3
Cf Cf2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Cf(s) -2.12 2
Nd Nd2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Nd(s) -2.1 2
Ho Ho2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ho(s) -2.1 2
Sc Sc3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Sc(s) -2.077 3
Al AlF3−
6 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Al(s) + 6F−
 -2.069 3
Cm Cm3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Cm(s) -2.04 3
Pu Pu3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Pu(s) -2.031 3
Pr Pr2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pr(s) -2 2
Er Er2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Er(s) -2 2
Eu Eu3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Eu(s) -1.991 3
Lr Lr3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Lr -1.96 3
Cf Cf3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Cf(s) -1.94 3
Es Es3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Es(s) -1.91 3
Pa Pa4+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Pa3+
 -1.9 1
Am Am2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Am(s) -1.9 2
Th Th4+
 + 4 e−		 ⇌ Th(s) -1.899 4
Fm Fm3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Fm -1.89 3
NN2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 H+ + 2 e−⇌2NH3OH+-1.872
Np Np3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Np(s) -1.856 3
Be Be2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Be(s) -1.847 2
P H
2PO−
2 +  e−		 ⇌ P(s) + 2 OH− -1.82 1
U U3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ U(s) -1.798 3
Sr Sr2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sr(Hg) -1.793 2
B H
2BO−
3 + H2O + 3 e−		 ⇌ B(s) + 4 OH− -1.79 3
Th ThO
2 + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Th(s) + 2H2O -1.789 4
Hf HfO2+
 + 2 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Hf(s) + H2O -1.724 4
P HPO2−
3 + 2H2O + 3 e−		 ⇌ P(s) + 5 OH− -1.71 3
Si SiO2−
3 + 3H2O + 4 e−		 ⇌ Si(s) + 6 OH− -1.697 4
Al Al3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Al(s) -1.662 3
Ti Ti2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ti(s) -1.63 2
Zr ZrO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Zr(s) + 2H2O -1.553 4
Zr Zr4+
 + 4 e−		 ⇌ Zr(s) -1.45 4
Ti Ti3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ti(s) -1.37 3
Ti TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ti(s) + H2O -1.31 2
BB(OH)−
4 + 4H2O(l) + 8 e−		⇌BH−
4 + 8 OH−		-1.248
GaGaO(OH)−
2 + H2O(l) + 3 e−		⇌Ga(s) + 3 OH−-1.223
Ti Ti
2O
3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2TiO(s) + H2O -1.23 2
Zn Zn(OH)2−
4 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Zn(s) + 4 OH− -1.199 2
Mn Mn2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Mn(s) -1.185 2
Fe Fe(CN)4−
6 + 6 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) -1.16 2
CC(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2 e−⇌CH3OH(l) + 2 OH−-1.1482
CrCr(CN)3−
6 +  e−		⇌Cr(CN)4−
6		-1.1431
Te Te(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Te2−
 -1.143 2
V V2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ V(s) -1.13 2
Nb Nb3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Nb(s) -1.099 3
Sn Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SnH
4(g)		 -1.07 4
Po Po(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Po2−
 -1.021 2
Cr[Cr(edta)(H2O)]− +  e−⇌[Cr(edta)(H2O)]2−-0.991
P2H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌(H2PO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)-0.9332
CCO2−
3 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		⇌HCO−
2 + H2O(l)		-0.932
Ti TiO2+
 + 2 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Ti(s) + H2O -0.93 4
Si SiO
2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Si(s) + 2H2O -0.909 4
CrCr2+
 + 2 e−		⇌Cr(s)-0.92
B B(OH)
3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ B(s) + 3H2O -0.89 3
Fe Fe(OH)
2(s) + 2 e−		 ⇌ Fe(s) + 2 OH− -0.89 2
Fe Fe
2O
3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Fe(OH)
2(s) + 2 OH−		 -0.86 2
H 2H2O + 2 e− ⇌ H
2(g) + 2 OH−		 -0.8277 2
Bi Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ BiH
3		 -0.8 3
Zn Zn2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Zn(Hg) -0.7628 2
Zn Zn2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Zn(s) -0.7618 2
Ta Ta
2O
5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−		 ⇌ 2Ta(s) + 5H2O -0.75 10
Te2Te(s) + 2 e−⇌Te2−
2		-0.742
Ni Ni(OH)
2(s) + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ni(s) + 2 OH− -0.72 2
NbNb2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−⇌2Nb(s) + 5H2O(l)-0.710
Ag Ag
2S(s) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Ag(s) + S2−
(aq)		 -0.69 2
TeTe2−
2 + 4 H+ + 2 e−		⇌2H2Te(g)-0.642
SbSb(OH)−
4 + 3 e−		⇌Sb(s) + 4 OH−-0.6393
Au [Au(CN)
2]−
 +  e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 2CN−
 -0.6 1
Ta Ta3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ta(s) -0.6 3
Pb PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇌ Pb(s) + 2 OH− -0.580 2
Ti 2TiO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ti
2O
3(s) + H2O		 -0.56 2
Ga Ga3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ga(s) -0.549 3
U U4+
 +  e−		 ⇌ U3+
 -0.52 1
P H
3PO
2(aq) +  H+ +  e−		 ⇌ P(white)[note 1] + 2H2O -0.508 1
P H
3PO
3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ H
3PO
2(aq) + H2O		 -0.499 2
Ni NiO
2(s) + 2H2O + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ni(OH)
2(s) + 2 OH−		 -0.49 2
SbSb(OH)−
6 + 2 e−		⇌Sb(OH)−
4 + 2 OH−		-0.4652
P H
3PO
3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ P(red)[note 1] + 3H2O -0.454 3
BiBi2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 6 e−⇌Bi(s) + 6 OH−-0.4526
TaTaF2−
7 + 7 H+ + 5 e−		⇌Ta(s) + 7HF(l)-0.455
InIn3+
 + 2 e−		⇌In+-0.4442
Cu Cu(CN)−
2 +  e−		 ⇌ Cu(s) + 2CN−
 -0.44 1
Fe Fe2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Fe(s) -0.44 2
C 2CO
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43 2
Cr Cr3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Cr2+
 -0.407 1
Cd Cd2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Cd(s) -0.4 2
TiTi3+
 +  e−		⇌Ti2+
-0.371
Cu Cu
2O(s) + H2O + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Cu(s) + 2 OH− -0.36 2
Pb PbSO
4(s) + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pb(s) + SO2−
4		 -0.3588 2
Pb PbSO
4(s) + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO2−
4		 -0.3505 2
Eu Eu3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Eu2+
 -0.35 1
In In3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ In(s) -0.34 3
Tl Tl+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Tl(s) -0.34 1
Ge Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ GeH
4(g)		 -0.29 4
Co Co2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Co(s) -0.28 2
P H
3PO
4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ H
3PO
3(aq) + H2O		 -0.276 2
NN2(g) + 8 H+ + 6 e−⇌2NH+
4		-0.276
V V3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ V2+
 -0.26 1
Ni Ni2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ni(s) -0.257 2
S2HSO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−		⇌S2O2−
6 + 2H2O(l)		-0.2532
As As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ AsH
3(g)		 -0.23 3
NN2(g) + 5 H+ + 4 e−⇌N2H+
5		-0.234
Ga Ga+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ga(s) -0.2 1
Ag AgI(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + I−
 -0.15224 1
GeGeO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−⇌Ge(s) + 2H2O(l)-0.154
Mo MoO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Mo(s) + 2H2O -0.15 4
Si Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SiH
4(g)		 -0.14 4
Sn Sn2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sn(s) -0.13 2
O O
2(g) +  H+ +  e−		 ⇌ HO•
2(aq)		 -0.13 1
InIn+ +  e−⇌In(s)-0.1261
Pb Pb2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pb(s) -0.126 2
W WO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ W(s) + 2H2O -0.12 4
Ge GeO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ GeO(s) + H2O -0.118 2
P P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ PH
3(g)		 -0.111 3
C CO
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ HCOOH(aq) -0.11 2
Se Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H
2Se(g)		 -0.11 2
C CO
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ CO(g) + H2O -0.11 2
Snα-SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌Sn(s) + H2O-0.1042
Cu Cu(NH
3)+
2 +  e−		 ⇌ Cu(s) + 2NH
3(aq)		 -0.1 1
NbNb2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 4 e−⇌2Nb3+
 + 5H2O(l)		-0.14
W WO
3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−		 ⇌ W(s) + 3H2O -0.09 6
Sn SnO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ α-SnO(s) + H2O -0.088 2
Fe Fe
3O
4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e−		 ⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4H2O -0.085 8
VVOH2+
 +  H+ +  e−		⇌V2+
 + H2O(l)		-0.0821
P P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ PH
3(g)		 -0.063 3
NN2O(g) + H2O(l) + 6 H+ + 4 e−⇌2NH3OH+-0.054
Fe Fe3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Fe(s) -0.04 3
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.034 2
H 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H
2(g)		 0 2
Ag AgBr(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Br−
 0.07133 1
S S
4O2−
6 + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2S
2O2−
3		 0.08 2
N N
2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e−		 ⇌ 2NH
4OH(aq)		 0.092 6
Hg HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇌ Hg(l) + 2 OH− 0.0977 2
Cu Cu(NH
3)2+
4 +  e−		 ⇌ Cu(NH
3)+
2 + 2NH
3(aq)		 0.1 1
Ru Ru(NH
3)3+
6 +  e−		 ⇌ Ru(NH
3)2+
6		 0.1 1
N N
2H
4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2NH+
4 + 4 OH−		 0.11 2
Mo H
2MoO
4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−		 ⇌ Mo(s) + 4H2O 0.11 6
Ge Ge4+
 + 4 e−		 ⇌ Ge(s) 0.12 4
C C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ CH
4(g)		 0.13 4
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ CH
3OH(aq)		 0.13 2
S S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H
2S(g)		 0.144 2
SbSb2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 6 e−⇌2Sb(s) + 3H2O0.156[6]: 789 
Sn Sn4+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sn2+
 0.151 2
S HSO−
4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ SO
2(aq) + 2H2O		 0.158 2
Cu Cu2+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Cu+
 0.159 1
U UO2+
2 +  e−		 ⇌ UO+
2		 0.163 1
S SO2−
4 + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ SO
2(aq) + 2H2O		 0.17 2
Ti TiO2+
 + 2 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ Ti3+
 + H2O		 0.19 1
Sb SbO+
 + 2 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ Sb(s) + H2O 0.2 3
Fe 3Fe
2O
3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Fe
3O
4(s) + H2O		 0.22 2
Ag AgCl(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Cl−
 0.22233 1
As H
3AsO
3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ As(s) + 3H2O 0.24 3
Ru Ru3+
(aq) +  e−		 ⇌ Ru2+
(aq)		 0.249 1
PbPbO2(s) + H2O + 2 e−⇌α-PbO(s) + 2 OH−0.2542
Ge GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ge(s) + H2O 0.26 2
HgHg2Cl2(s) + 2 e−⇌2Hg(l) + 2Cl−0.272
U UO+
2 + 4 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ U4+
 + 2H2O		 0.273 1
Re Re3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Re(s) 0.300 3
At At +  e− ⇌ At− 0.3 1
Bi Bi3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Bi(s) 0.308 3
C 2HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ (CN)2 + 2H2O 0.330 2
Cu Cu2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Cu(s) 0.337 2
V VO2+
 + 2 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ V3+
 + H2O		 0.337 1
SbSb2O4(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌Sb2O3(s) + H2O(l)0.3422
At At+ + 2 e− ⇌ At- 0.36 2
Fe [Fe(CN)
6]3−
 +  e−		 ⇌ [Fe(CN)
6]4−
 0.3704 1
C (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2HCN 0.373 2
P(H2PO3)2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌2H3PO30.382
S2SO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌S2O2−
3 + H2O(l)		0.42
O O
2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e−		 ⇌ 4 OH−(aq) 0.401 4
Mo H
2MoO
4 + 6 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ Mo3+
 + 4H2O		 0.43 3
Ru Ru2+
(aq) + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ru 0.455 2
VVO(OH)+ + 2 H+ +  e−⇌VOH2+
 + H2O(l)		0.4811
C CH
3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ CH
4(g) + H2O		 0.5 2
S SO
2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ S(s) + 2H2O 0.5 4
S4SO
2(aq) + 4 H+ + 8 e−		⇌S4O2−
6 + 2H2O(l)		0.518
Cu Cu+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Cu(s) 0.52 1
C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ C(s) + H2O 0.52 2
I I−
3 + 2 e−		 ⇌ 3I−
 0.53 2
TeTeO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−⇌Te(s) + 2H2O(l)0.534
CuCu2+
 + Cl− +  e−		⇌CuCl(s)0.541
I I
2(s) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2I−
 0.54 2
Au [AuI
4]−
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 4I−
 0.56 3
As H
3AsO
4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ H
3AsO
3(aq) + H2O		 0.56 2
SS2O2−
6 + 4 H+ + 2 e−		⇌2H2SO30.5692
Au [AuI
2]−
 +  e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 2I−
 0.58 1
Mn MnO−
4 + 2H2O + 3 e−		 ⇌ MnO
2(s) + 4 OH−		 0.595 3
S S
2O2−
3 + 6 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ 2S(s) + 3H2O 0.6 4
FeFc+
 +  e−		⇌Fc(s)0.631
Mo H
2MoO
4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ MoO
2(s) + 2H2O		 0.65 2
NHN3(aq) + 11 H+ + 8 e−⇌3NH+
4		0.698
O O
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ H
2O
2(aq)		 0.695 2
SbSb2O5(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−⇌Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O0.6994
C + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 0.6992 2
VH2V10O4−
28 + 24 H+ + 10 e−		⇌10VO(OH)+ + 8H2O(l)0.72310
Pt PtCl2−
6 + 2 e−		 ⇌ PtCl2−
4 + 2Cl−
 0.726 2
Fe Fe
2O
3(s) + 6 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Fe2+
 + 3H2O		 0.728 2
Se H
2SeO
3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Se(s) + 3H2O 0.74 4
At AtO+ + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ At+ + H2O 0.74 2
Tl Tl3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Tl(s) 0.741 3
No No3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ No2+
 0.75 1
Pt PtCl2−
4 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pt(s) + 4Cl−
 0.758 2
BrBrO− + H2O(l) + 2 e−⇌Br− + 2 OH−0.762
Po Po4+ + 4 e− ⇌ Po 0.76 4
S (SCN)2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2SCN- 0.769 2
Fe Fe3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Fe2+
 0.771 1
Hg Hg2+
2 + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Hg(l) 0.7973 2
Ag Ag+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ag(s) 0.7996 1
N 2NO−
3(aq) + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ N
2O
4(g) + 2H2O		 0.803 2
Fe 2FeO2−
4 + 5H2O + 6 e−		 ⇌ Fe
2O
3(s) + 10 OH−		 0.81 6
Au [AuBr
4]−
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 4Br−
 0.85 3
Hg Hg2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Hg(l) 0.85 2
Ir [IrCl
6]2−
 +  e−		 ⇌ [IrCl
6]3−
 0.87 1
Mn MnO−
4 +  H+ +  e−		 ⇌ HMnO−
4		 0.9 1
Po Po4+ + 2 e− ⇌ Po2+ 0.9 2
Hg 2Hg2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Hg2+
2		 0.91 2
Pd Pd2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pd(s) 0.915 2
Au [AuCl
4]−
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 4Cl−
 0.93 3
NNO−
3 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		⇌HNO2(aq)0.942
Mn MnO
2(s) + 4 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ Mn3+
 + 2H2O		 0.95 1
N NO−
3(aq) + 4 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 0.958 3
Au [AuBr
2]−
 +  e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 2Br−
 0.96 1
Fe Fe
3O
4(s) + 8 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 3Fe2+
 + 4H2O		 0.98 2
Xe [HXeO
6]3−
 + 2H2O + 2 e−		 ⇌ [HXeO
4]−
 + 4 OH−		 0.99 2
NHNO2(aq) +  H+ +  e−⇌NO(g) + H2O(l)0.9961
At HAtO +  H+ +  e− ⇌ At + H2O 1.0 1
V [VO
2]+
(aq) + 2 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ [VO]2+
(aq) + H2O		 1 1
Te H
6TeO
6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ TeO
2(s) + 4H2O		 1.02 2
NNO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌NO(g) + H2O(l)1.032
BrBr−
3 + 2 e−		⇌3Br−
1.052
SbSb2O5(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌Sb2O4(s) + H2O(l)1.0552
IICl−
2 +  e−		⇌2Cl−
 + I(s)		1.061
Br Br
2(l) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Br−
 1.066 2
NN2O4(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌2HNO21.072
Br Br
2(aq) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Br−
 1.0873 2
Ru RuO
2 + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ru2+
(aq) + 2H2O		 1.120 2
Cu Cu2+
 + 2CN−
 +  e−		 ⇌ Cu(CN)−
2		 1.12 1
I IO−
3 + 5 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ HIO(aq) + 2H2O 1.13 4
OH2O2(aq) +  H+ +  e−⇌H2O(l) + HO•1.141
Au [AuCl
2]−
 +  e−		 ⇌ Au(s) + 2Cl−
 1.15 1
Se HSeO−
4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ H
2SeO
3(aq) + H2O		 1.15 2
Ag Ag
2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Ag(s) + H2O 1.17 2
Cl ClO−
3 + 2 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ ClO
2(g) + H2O		 1.175 1
Xe [HXeO
6]3−
 + 5H2O + 8 e−		 ⇌ Xe(g) + 11 OH− 1.18 8
Pt Pt2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pt(s) 1.188 2
Cl ClO
2(g) +  H+ +  e−		 ⇌ HClO
2(aq)		 1.19 1
I 2IO−
3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−		 ⇌ I
2(s) + 6H2O		 1.2 10
Mn MnO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Mn2+
 + 2H2O		 1.224 2
O O
2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ 2H2O 1.229 4
NN2H+
5 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		⇌2NH+
4		1.282
Cl ClO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ ClO−
3 + H2O		 1.23 2
Ru [Ru(bipy)
3]3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ [Ru(bipy)
3]2+
 1.24 1
Xe [HXeO
4]−
 + 3H2O + 6 e−		 ⇌ Xe(g) + 7 OH− 1.24 6
N2NO−
3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−		⇌N2(g) + 6H2O(l)1.2510
Tl Tl3+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Tl+
 1.25 2
N2HNO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−⇌N2O(g) + 3H2O(l)1.2974
Cr Cr
2O2−
7 + 14 H+ + 6 e−		 ⇌ 2Cr3+
 + 7H2O		 1.38 6
NNH3OH+ + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌NH+
4 + H2O(l)		1.352
Cl Cl
2(g) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2Cl−
 1.36 2
Ru RuO−
4(aq) + 8 H+ + 5 e−		 ⇌ Ru2+
(aq) + 4H2O		 1.368 5
Ru RuO
4 + 4 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ RuO
2 + 2H2O		 1.387 4
Co CoO
2(s) + 4 H+ +  e−		 ⇌ Co3+
 + 2H2O		 1.42 1
N 2NH
3OH+
 +  H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ N
2H+
5 + 2H2O		 1.42 2
I 2HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ I
2(s) + 2H2O		 1.44 2
Br BrO−
3 + 5 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ HBrO(aq) + 2H2O 1.447 4
Pb β-PbO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pb2+
 + 2H2O		 1.46 2
Pb α-PbO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pb2+
 + 2H2O		 1.468 2
Br 2BrO−
3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−		 ⇌ Br
2(l) + 6H2O		 1.48 10
At HAtO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ HAtO + 2H2O 1.5 4
Mn MnO−
4 + 8 H+ + 5 e−		 ⇌ Mn2+
 + 4H2O		 1.51 5
O HO•
2 +  H+ +  e−		 ⇌ H
2O
2(aq)		 1.51 1
Au Au3+
 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Au(s) 1.52 3
Ru RuO2−
4(aq) + 8 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ Ru2+
(aq) + 4H2O		 1.563 4
N2NO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌N2O(g) + H2O(l)1.592
Ni NiO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Ni2+
 + 2 OH−		 1.59 2
Ce Ce4+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ce3+
 1.61 1
Cl 2HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cl
2(g) + 2H2O		 1.63 2
I IO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ IO−
3 + H2O		 1.64 2
Ag Ag
2O
3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e−		 ⇌ 2Ag+
 + 3H2O		 1.67 4
Cl HClO
2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ HClO(aq) + H2O 1.67 2
Pb Pb4+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Pb2+
 1.69 2
Mn MnO−
4 + 4 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ MnO
2(s) + 2H2O		 1.7 3
Br BrO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ BrO−
3 + H2O		 1.74 2
Ag AgO(s) + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ Ag+
 + H2O		 1.77 1
NN2O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−⇌N2(g) + H2O(l)1.772[6]: 789 
O H
2O
2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2H2O 1.78 2
Au Au+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Au(s) 1.83 1
Co Co3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Co2+
 1.92 1
Ag Ag2+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ag+
 1.98 1
O S
2O2−
8 + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2SO2−
4		 2.01 2
O O
3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ O
2(g) + H2O		 2.075 2
Mn HMnO−
4 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ MnO
2(s) + 2H2O		 2.09 2
Xe XeO
3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−		 ⇌ Xe(g) + 3H2O 2.12 6
Xe H
4XeO
6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8 e−		 ⇌ Xe(g) + 6H2O 2.18 8
Fe FeO2−
4 + 8 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ Fe3+
 + 4H2O		 2.2 3
Xe XeF
2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) 2.32 2
OHO• +  H+ +  e−⇌H2O(l)2.381
Xe H
4XeO
6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ XeO
3(aq) + 3H2O		 2.42 2
F F
2(g) + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2F−
 2.87 2
Cm Cm4+ + e– ⇌ Cm3+ 3.0 1
F F
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2HF(aq) 3.077 2
Tb Tb4+ + e– ⇌ Tb3+ 3.1 1
Pr Pr4+ + e– ⇌ Pr3+ 3.2 1
Kr KrF
2(aq) + 2 e−		 ⇌ Kr(g) + 2F−
(aq)		 3.27 2

See also

Notes
  1. Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

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