Ecdysteroid

Ecdysteroids are arthropod steroid hormones that are mainly responsible for molting (ecdysis), development and, to a lesser extent, reproduction;[1][2][3][4] examples of ecdysteroids include ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone), turkesterone and 2-deoxyecdysone.[5] These compounds are synthesized in arthropods from dietary cholesterol via the Halloween family of cytochrome P450 enzymes.[6]

Compounds with ecdysteroid activity in arthropods are not only produced by these animals (zooecdysteroids). Phytoecdysteroids also appear in many plants mostly as a protection agents (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivore insects.[7][8] Fungi also produce a handful of mycoecdysteroids.[9] In addition, synthetic ecdysteroid pesticides such as methoxyfenozide have been produced.[10]

Research

Extracts of A. turkestanica, including ecdysteroid, are marketed on the Internet with the presumption they are useful as bodybuilding supplements.[11] A. turkestanica contains ecdysteroid derivatives,[12] such as turkesterone, although these compounds have no proven anabolic effects on muscle in mammals, and no approval as a drug in any country.[11]

See also

  • Ecdysone receptor

References

  1. ^ de Loof A (2006). "Ecdysteroids: the overlooked sex steroids of insects? Males: the black box". Insect Science. 13 (5): 325–338. Bibcode:2006InsSc..13..325D. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2006.00101.x. S2CID 221810929.
  2. ^ Krishnakumaran A, Schneiderman HA (December 1970). "Control of molting in mandibulate and chelicerate arthropods by ecdysones". The Biological Bulletin. 139 (3): 520–538. doi:10.2307/1540371. JSTOR 1540371. PMID 5494238.
  3. ^ Margam VM, Gelman DB, Palli SR (June 2006). "Ecdysteroid titers and developmental expression of ecdysteroid-regulated genes during metamorphosis of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 52 (6): 558–568. Bibcode:2006JInsP..52..558M. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.02.003. PMID 16580015.
  4. ^ Okamoto N, Fujinaga D, Yamanaka N (2023), "Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models", Vitamins and Hormones, 123, Elsevier: 525–554, doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006, ISBN 978-0-443-13455-5, PMID 37717997, retrieved 2024-07-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  5. ^ "Ecdysteroids Information". Examine.com. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  6. ^ Mykles DL (November 2011). "Ecdysteroid metabolism in crustaceans". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 127 (3–5): 196–203. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.09.001. PMID 20837145. S2CID 23942645.
  7. ^ Dinan L (June 2001). "Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects". Phytochemistry. 57 (3): 325–339. Bibcode:2001PChem..57..325D. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00078-4. PMID 11393511.
  8. ^ Dinan L, Savchenko T, Whiting P (July 2001). "On the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in plants". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58 (8): 1121–1132. doi:10.1007/PL00000926. PMC 11337386. PMID 11529504. S2CID 8496934.
  9. ^ Dinan L, Mamadalieva NZ, Lafont R (2020). "Dietary Phytoecdysteroids". Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals. pp. 1–54. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_35-1. ISBN 978-981-13-1745-3.
  10. ^ Carlson GR, Dhadialla TS, Hunter R, Jansson RK, Jany CS, Lidert Z, Slawecki RA (February 2001). "The chemical and biological properties of methoxyfenozide, a new insecticidal ecdysteroid agonist". Pest Management Science. 57 (2): 115–9. doi:10.1002/1526-4998(200102)57:2<115::AID-PS245>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 11455641.
  11. ^ a b Cohen PA, Avula B, Katragunta K, Travis JC, Khan I (July 2023). "Presence and Quantity of Botanical Ingredients With Purported Performance-Enhancing Properties in Sports Supplements". JAMA Network Open. 6 (7): e2323879. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.23879. PMC 10352857. PMID 37459101.
  12. ^ Guibout L, Mamadalieva N, Balducci C, Girault JP, Lafont R (2015). "The minor ecdysteroids from Ajuga turkestanica" (PDF). Phytochemical Analysis. 26 (5): 293–300. Bibcode:2015PChAn..26..293G. doi:10.1002/pca.2563. PMID 25953625.
  • Ecdybase, The Ecdysone Handbook - a free online ecdysteroids database
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