Isotopes of rhodium

Isotopes of rhodium (₄₅Rh)
IT	101Rh
β−	102Pd
IT	102Rh
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rh)
	102.90549±0.00002; 102.91±0.01 (abridged);

Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh.^[4] The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 4.07 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized ranging from ⁸⁹Rh to ¹²²Rh - these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh (20.8 hours) and ¹⁰⁵Rh (35.34 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh with a half-life of 3.74 years and ^101mRh with a half-life of 4.34 days.

The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh, is electron capture to ruthenium isotopes, and the primary mode after is beta emission to palladium isotopes. Mass numbers 102 and 104 are capable of decay in either sense.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Discovery year^[6]^[7]	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Isotopic abundance
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Discovery year^[6]^[7]	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Isotopic abundance
⁸⁹Rh	45	44	88.95099(39)#	(1995)	<120 ns	β⁺?	⁸⁹Ru	9/2+#
						p?	⁸⁸Ru
						β⁺, p?	⁸⁸Tc
⁹⁰Rh	45	45	89.94457(22)#	1994	29(3) ms	β⁺	⁹⁰Ru	(0+)
⁹⁰Rh	45	45	89.94457(22)#	1994	29(3) ms	β⁺, p? (<0.7%)	⁸⁹Tc	(0+)
^90mRh^{[n 8]}	0(500)# keV			2001	0.56(2) s	β⁺ (90.4%)	⁹⁰Ru	(7+)
^90mRh^{[n 8]}	0(500)# keV			2001	0.56(2) s	β⁺, p (9.6%)	⁸⁹Tc	(7+)
⁹¹Rh	45	46	90.93712(32)#	1994	1.47(22) s	β⁺ (98.7%)	⁹¹Ru	(9/2+)
⁹¹Rh	45	46	90.93712(32)#	1994	1.47(22) s	β⁺, p (1.3%)	⁹⁰Tc	(9/2+)
^91mRh	172.9(4) keV			2005	1.8# s	β⁺?	⁹¹Ru	1/2−#
						β⁺, p?	⁹⁰Tc
						IT?	⁹¹Rh
⁹²Rh	45	47	91.9323677(47)	1994	5.61(8) s	β⁺ (97.95%)	⁹²Ru	(6+)
⁹²Rh	45	47	91.9323677(47)	1994	5.61(8) s	β⁺, p (2.05%)	⁹¹Tc	(6+)
^92m1Rh	50(100)# keV			2004	3.18(22) s	β⁺ (98.3%)	⁹²Ru	(2+)
^92m1Rh	50(100)# keV			2004	3.18(22) s	β⁺, p (1.7%)	⁹¹Tc	(2+)
^92m2Rh	105(100)# keV			2017	232(15) ns	IT	⁹²Rh	(4+)
⁹³Rh	45	48	92.9259128(28)	1994	13.9(16) s	β⁺	⁹³Ru	9/2+#
^93mRh^[8]	267(48) keV			(2023)^{[n 9]}				(1/2−)
⁹⁴Rh	45	49	93.9217305(36)	1979	70.6(6) s	β⁺ (98.2%)	⁹⁴Ru	(4+)
⁹⁴Rh	45	49	93.9217305(36)	1979	70.6(6) s	β⁺, p (1.8%)	⁹³Tc	(4+)
^94m1Rh	54.60(20)# keV			2006	480(30) ns	IT	⁹⁴Rh	(2+)
^94m2Rh^{[n 8]}	300(200)# keV			1980	25.8(2) s	β⁺	⁹⁴Ru	(8+)
⁹⁵Rh	45	50	94.9158979(42)	1967	5.02(10) min	β⁺	⁹⁵Ru	(9/2)+
^95mRh	543.3(3) keV			1975	1.96(4) min	IT (88%)	⁹⁵Rh	(1/2)−
^95mRh	543.3(3) keV			1975	1.96(4) min	β⁺ (12%)	⁹⁵Ru	(1/2)−
⁹⁶Rh	45	51	95.914452(11)	1967	9.90(10) min	β⁺	⁹⁶Ru	6+
^96mRh	51.98(9) keV			1967	1.51(2) min	IT (60%)	⁹⁶Rh	3+
^96mRh	51.98(9) keV			1967	1.51(2) min	β⁺ (40%)	⁹⁶Ru	3+
⁹⁷Rh	45	52	96.911328(38)	1955	30.7(6) min	β⁺	⁹⁷Ru	9/2+
^97mRh	258.76(18) keV			1971	46.2(16) min	β⁺ (94.4%)	⁹⁷Ru	1/2−
^97mRh	258.76(18) keV			1971	46.2(16) min	IT (5.6%)	⁹⁷Rh	1/2−
⁹⁸Rh	45	53	97.910708(13)	1955	8.72(12) min	β⁺	⁹⁸Ru	(2)+
^98mRh^{[n 8]}	56.3(10) keV			1966	3.6(2) min	IT (89%)	⁹⁸Rh	(5+)
^98mRh^{[n 8]}	56.3(10) keV			1966	3.6(2) min	β⁺ (11%)	⁹⁸Ru	(5+)
⁹⁹Rh	45	54	98.908121(21)	1952	16.1(2) d	β⁺	⁹⁹Ru	1/2−
^99mRh	64.4(5) keV			1965	4.7(1) h	β⁺	⁹⁹Ru	9/2+
^99mRh	64.4(5) keV			1965	4.7(1) h	IT?	⁹⁹Rh	9/2+
¹⁰⁰Rh	45	55	99.908114(19)	1948	20.8(1) h	EC (95.1%)	¹⁰⁰Ru	1−
¹⁰⁰Rh	45	55	99.908114(19)	1948	20.8(1) h	β⁺ (4.9%)	¹⁰⁰Ru	1−
^100m1Rh	74.782(14) keV			1965	214.0(20) ns	IT	¹⁰⁰Rh	(2)+
^100m2Rh	107.6(2) keV			1974	4.6(2) min	IT (98.3%)	¹⁰⁰Rh	(5+)
^100m2Rh	107.6(2) keV			1974	4.6(2) min	β⁺ (1.7%)	¹⁰⁰Ru	(5+)
^100m3Rh	219.61(22) keV			1984	130(10) ns	IT	¹⁰⁰Rh	(7+)
¹⁰¹Rh	45	56	100.9061589(63)	1948	4.07(5) y	EC	¹⁰¹Ru	1/2−
^101mRh	157.32(3) keV			1965	4.343(10) d	EC (92.80%)	¹⁰¹Ru	9/2+
^101mRh	157.32(3) keV			1965	4.343(10) d	IT (7.20%)	¹⁰¹Rh	9/2+
¹⁰²Rh	45	57	101.9068343(69)	1941	207.0(15) d	β⁺ (78%)	¹⁰²Ru	2−
¹⁰²Rh	45	57	101.9068343(69)	1941	207.0(15) d	β⁻ (22%)	¹⁰²Pd	2−
^102mRh	140.73(9) keV			1963	3.742(10) y	β⁺ (99.77%)	¹⁰²Ru	6+
^102mRh	140.73(9) keV			1963	3.742(10) y	IT (0.233%)	¹⁰²Rh	6+
¹⁰³Rh^{[n 10]}	45	58	102.9054941(25)	1934	Stable			1/2−	1.0000
^103mRh^{[n 10]}	39.753(6) keV			1944	56.114(9) min	IT	¹⁰³Rh	7/2+
¹⁰⁴Rh	45	59	103.9066453(25)	1939	42.3(4) s	β⁻ (99.55%)	¹⁰⁴Pd	1+
¹⁰⁴Rh	45	59	103.9066453(25)	1939	42.3(4) s	β⁺ (0.45%)	¹⁰⁴Ru	1+
^104mRh	128.9679(5) keV			1939	4.34(3) min	IT (99.87%)	¹⁰⁴Rh	5+
^104mRh	128.9679(5) keV			1939	4.34(3) min	β⁻ (0.13%)	¹⁰⁴Pd	5+
¹⁰⁵Rh^{[n 10]}	45	60	104.9056878(27)	1946	35.341(19) h	β⁻	¹⁰⁵Pd	7/2+
^105mRh^{[n 10]}	129.742(4) keV			1951	42.8(3) s	IT	¹⁰⁵Rh	1/2−
¹⁰⁶Rh^{[n 10]}	45	61	105.9072859(58)	1946	30.07(35) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁶Pd	1+
^106mRh	132(11) keV			1955	131(2) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁶Pd	(6)+
¹⁰⁷Rh	45	62	106.906748(13)	1951	21.7(4) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁷Pd	7/2+
^107mRh	268.36(4) keV			1986	>10 μs	IT	¹⁰⁷Rh	1/2−
¹⁰⁸Rh	45	63	107.908715(15)	1955	16.8(5) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁸Pd	1+
^108mRh	115(18) keV			1969	6.0(3) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁸Pd	(5+)
¹⁰⁹Rh	45	64	108.9087496(43)	1972	80.8(7) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁹Pd	7/2+
^109mRh	225.873(19) keV			1987	1.66(4) μs	IT	¹⁰⁹Rh	3/2+
¹¹⁰Rh	45	65	109.911080(19)	1963	3.35(12) s	β⁻	¹¹⁰Pd	(1+)
^110mRh^{[n 8]}	220(150)# keV			1970	28.5(13) s	β⁻	¹¹⁰Pd	(6+)
¹¹¹Rh	45	66	110.9116432(74)	1975	11(1) s	β⁻	¹¹¹Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹²Rh	45	67	111.914405(47)	1971	3.4(4) s	β⁻	¹¹²Pd	(1+)
^112mRh	340(70) keV			1988	6.73(15) s	β⁻	¹¹²Pd	(6+)
¹¹³Rh	45	68	112.9154402(77)	1971	2.80(12) s	β⁻	¹¹³Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹⁴Rh	45	69	113.918722(77)	1988	1.85(5) s	β⁻	¹¹⁴Pd	1+
^114mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			1988	1.85(5) s	β⁻	¹¹⁴Pd	(7−)
¹¹⁵Rh	45	70	114.9203116(79)	1988	1.03(3) s	β⁻	¹¹⁵Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹⁵Rh	45	70	114.9203116(79)	1988	1.03(3) s	β⁻, n?	¹¹⁴Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹⁶Rh	45	71	115.924062(79)	1970	685(39) ms	β⁻ (>97.9%)	¹¹⁶Pd	1+
¹¹⁶Rh	45	71	115.924062(79)	1970	685(39) ms	β⁻, n? (<2.1%)	¹¹⁵Pd	1+
^116mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			1988	570(50) ms	β⁻ (>97.9%)	¹¹⁶Pd	(6−)
^116mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			1988	570(50) ms	β⁻, n? (<2.1%)	¹¹⁵Pd	(6−)
¹¹⁷Rh	45	72	116.9260363(95)	1991	421(30) ms	β⁻	¹¹⁷Pd	7/2+#
¹¹⁷Rh	45	72	116.9260363(95)	1991	421(30) ms	β⁻, n? (<7.6%)	¹¹⁶Pd	7/2+#
^117mRh	321.2(10) keV			2013	138(17) ns	IT	¹¹⁷Rh	3/2+#
¹¹⁸Rh	45	73	117.930341(26)	1994	282(9) ms	β⁻ (96.9%)	¹¹⁸Pd	1+#
¹¹⁸Rh	45	73	117.930341(26)	1994	282(9) ms	β⁻, n (3.1%)	¹¹⁷Pd	1+#
^118mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			2000	310(30) ms	β⁻ (96.9%)	¹¹⁸Pd	6−#
						β⁻, n (3.1%)	¹¹⁷Pd
						IT?	¹¹⁸Rh
¹¹⁹Rh	45	74	118.932557(10)	1994	190(6) ms	β⁻ (93.6%)	¹¹⁹Pd	7/2+#
¹¹⁹Rh	45	74	118.932557(10)	1994	190(6) ms	β⁻, n (6.4%)	¹¹⁸Pd	7/2+#
¹²⁰Rh	45	75	119.93707(22)#	1994	129.6(42) ms	β⁻	¹²⁰Pd	8−#
						β⁻, n (<9.3%)	¹¹⁹Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹¹⁸Pd
^120mRh	157.2(7) keV			2012	295(16) ns	IT	¹²⁰Rh	6#
¹²¹Rh	45	76	120.93961(67)	1994	74(4) ms	β⁻	¹²¹Pd	7/2+#
¹²¹Rh	45	76	120.93961(67)	1994	74(4) ms	β⁻, n (>11%)	¹²⁰Pd	7/2+#
¹²²Rh	45	77	121.94431(32)#	1997	51(6) ms	β⁻	¹²²Pd	7−#
						β⁻, n (<3.9%)	¹²¹Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁰Pd
^122mRh	271.0(7) keV			2012	830(120) ns	IT	¹²²Rh	4+#
¹²³Rh	45	78	122.94719(43)#	2010	42(4) ms	β⁻	¹²³Pd	7/2+#
						β⁻, n (>24%)	¹²²Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²¹Pd
¹²⁴Rh	45	79	123.95200(43)#	2010	30(2) ms	β⁻	¹²⁴Pd	2+#
						β⁻, n (<31%)	¹²³Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²²Pd
¹²⁵Rh	45	80	124.95509(54)#	2010	26.5(20) ms	β⁻	¹²⁵Pd	7/2+#
						β⁻, n?	¹²⁴Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²³Pd
¹²⁶Rh	45	81	125.96006(54)#	2010	19(3) ms	β⁻	¹²⁶Pd	1−#
						β⁻, n?	¹²⁵Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁴Pd
¹²⁷Rh	45	82	126.96379(64)#	2015	28(14) ms	β⁻	¹²⁷Pd	7/2+#
						β⁻, n?	¹²⁶Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁵Pd
¹²⁸Rh	45	83	127.97065(32)#	2018	8# ms [> 550 ns]	β⁻?	¹²⁸Pd
						β⁻, n?	¹²⁷Pd
						β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁶Pd
This table header & footer:

^ ^mRh – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ ^a ^b ^c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
^ Not included in the discovery database yet.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fission product

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi:10.1595/147106711X555656.
^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.
^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.
^ Xing, Y. M.; Yuan, C. X.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhou, X. H.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Blaum, K.; Xu, H. S.; Bao, T.; Chen, R. J.; Fu, C. Y.; Gao, B. S.; Ge, W. W.; He, J. J.; Huang, W. J.; Liao, T.; Li, J. G.; Li, H. F.; Litvinov, S.; Naimi, S.; Shuai, P.; Sun, M. Z.; Wang, Q.; Xu, X.; Xu, F. R.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yan, X. L.; Yang, J. C.; Yuan, Y. J.; Zeng, Q.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, X. (11 January 2023). "Isochronous mass measurements of neutron-deficient nuclei from Sn 112 projectile fragmentation". Physical Review C. 107 (1) 014304. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.107.014304.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[5] Rh – Excited nuclear isomer.

[7] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-8] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-11] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[12] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[13] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[14] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[order-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

[17] Not included in the discovery database yet.

[FP-18] Fission product

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[CIAAWrhodium-2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi:10.1595/147106711X555656.

[AME2020_II-6] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[IsotopeFRIB-9] FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.

[IsomerFRIB-10] FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.

[xing2023-16] Xing, Y. M.; Yuan, C. X.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhou, X. H.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Blaum, K.; Xu, H. S.; Bao, T.; Chen, R. J.; Fu, C. Y.; Gao, B. S.; Ge, W. W.; He, J. J.; Huang, W. J.; Liao, T.; Li, J. G.; Li, H. F.; Litvinov, S.; Naimi, S.; Shuai, P.; Sun, M. Z.; Wang, Q.; Xu, X.; Xu, F. R.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yan, X. L.; Yang, J. C.; Yuan, Y. J.; Zeng, Q.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, X. (11 January 2023). "Isochronous mass measurements of neutron-deficient nuclei from Sn 112 projectile fragmentation". Physical Review C. 107 (1) 014304. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.107.014304.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[n 1]

[5]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[6]

[7]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[8]

[n 9]

[n 10]

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission

List of isotopes

See also

References