Melamine foam

Melamine foam is a foam-like material consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde condensate. It is the active component of a number of abrasive cleaner sponges, notably the Magic Eraser.

In 1984, BASF launched the first commercially produced melamine resin foam, Basotect, which was originally marketed as a flame-retardant solution for soundproofing and thermal insulation in construction.[1]

Properties

The open-cell foam is microporous and its polymeric substance is very hard, so that when used for cleaning it works like extremely fine sandpaper, getting into tiny grooves and pits in the object being cleaned.

On a larger scale, the material feels soft because the reticulated foam bubbles interconnect. Its structure is a 3D network of very hard strands, when compared to the array of separate bubbles in a material such as styrofoam.[2]

Being microporous, it also effectively absorbs sound waves.

Being open-cell, it entrains countless air bubbles, giving it low thermal conductivity and thereby making it an effective insulator.

Production

Melamine foam is produced through a two-stage process: resin synthesis and curing foaming. The synthesis of melamine resin begins by dissolving melamine and formaldehyde in a weakly alkaline solution, maintained at a pH between 8.5 and 9.0, to prevent the formation of insoluble methylene melamine precipitate. This mixture then undergoes an addition reaction at 80–90°C, forming hydroxymethyl melamine. Subsequently, hydroxymethyl melamine undergoes poly-condensation in a neutral or weakly alkaline medium, yielding melamine resin linked by dimethylene ether or methylene bonds. The second stage, curing foaming, involves thoroughly mixing the melamine resin with an emulsifier, curing agent, and foaming agent. This mixture is then subjected to cross-linking via microwave or oven heating, which forms the final polymer foam with a three-dimensional network structure.[3]

Uses

Cleaning

In the early 21st century, it was discovered that melamine foam is an effective abrasive cleaner and the first Mr. Clean Magic Eraser was released in 2003.[4][5][6] Rubbing with a slightly moistened foam may remove otherwise "uncleanable" external markings from surfaces. For example, melamine foam can remove crayon, marker pen, and grease from painted walls and wood finishings, plastic-adhering paints from treated wooden tables, and adhesive residue and grime from hubcaps.[7] If the surface being cleaned is not sufficiently hard, it may be finely scratched by the melamine material. Similarly to a pencil eraser, the foam wears away during use, leaving behind a slight residue which can be rinsed off.

Other uses

Naturally lightweight, melamine foam is also used as insulation for pipes and ductwork, and as a soundproofing material for studios, sound stages, auditoriums, and the like. One advantage of melamine foam over other soundproofing materials is that it's considered not flammable. Melamine foam’s fire rating is Class A/Class 1 in the United States and ULCS-102 for Canada. If heated to 465 °F (241 °C), the foam shrinks, and collapses.[8] These properties suit it as the main sound and thermal insulation material for Shinkansen bullet trains.

Environmental impact

Recent research has highlighted that melamine sponges contribute significantly to microplastic pollution. A study published in Environmental Science & Technology found that these sponges release over a trillion microplastic fibers globally each month due to wear and tear. These fibers can contaminate water systems and enter the food chain, posing environmental risks. The study suggests that making denser sponges and using alternative cleaning methods could mitigate this issue.[9]

See also

  • Melamine resin

References

  1. ^ "BASF celebrates 40th birthday of Basotect". Indian Chemical News. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  2. ^ "HowStuffWorks "Melamine Foam"". 25 August 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  3. ^ Wang Y, Chen Z, Lu Y, Yang L, Xu T, Wu H, Zhang J, He L (28 November 2023). "A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam". Nanotechnology Reviews. 12 (1). doi:10.1515/ntrev-2023-0137. ISSN 2191-9097. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
  4. ^ "GH Seal Spotlight: Mr. Clean Magic Eraser Original". Good Housekeeping. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  5. ^ Haughey, Rebecca (16 November 2012). "Mr. Clean celebrates milestone as it produces its 1 billionth Magic Eraser". Drug Store News. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  6. ^ US 20060005338, Gary Ashe, Alan Goldstein, "Cleaning Implement Comprising A Layer Of Melamine Foam", published 12 January 2006, assigned to Procter and Gamble Co. 
  7. ^ "Mr. Clean Magic Erasers: Creative Uses For These Household Cleaning Blocks That Truly Work Magic! - The Fun Times Guide to Household Tips". Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  8. ^ "Why Melamine Foam is the Better Than Other Sound-Absorbing Materials". 10 February 2021.
  9. ^ Su, Yu; Xing, Baoshan; Ji, Rong (6 June 2024). "Mechanochemical Formation of Poly(melamine-formaldehyde) Microplastic Fibers During Abrasion of Cleaning Sponges". Environmental Science & Technology. doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c00846.
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