These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol−1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is predicted.
1st–10th ionization energies
Number | Symbol | Name |
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
1 | H | hydrogen |
1312.0 |
2 | He | helium |
2372.3 | 5250.5 |
3 | Li | lithium |
520.2 | 7298.1 | 11,815.0 |
4 | Be | beryllium |
899.5 | 1757.1 | 14,848.7 | 21,006.6 |
5 | B | boron |
800.6 | 2427.1 | 3659.7 | 25,025.8 | 32,826.7 |
6 | C | carbon |
1086.5 | 2352.6 | 4620.5 | 6222.7 | 37,831 | 47,277.0 |
7 | N | nitrogen |
1402.3 | 2856 | 4578.1 | 7475.0 | 9444.9 | 53,266.6 | 64,360 |
8 | O | oxygen |
1313.9 | 3388.3 | 5300.5 | 7469.2 | 10,989.5 | 13,326.5 | 71,330 | 84,078.0 |
9 | F | fluorine |
1681.0 | 3374.2 | 6050.4 | 8407.7 | 11,022.7 | 15,164.1 | 17,868 | 92,038.1 | 106,434.3 |
10 | Ne | neon |
2080.7 | 3952.3 | 6122 | 9371 | 12,177 | 15,238.90 | 19,999.0 | 23,069.5 | 115,379.5 | 131,432 |
11 | Na | sodium |
495.8 | 4562 | 6910.3 | 9543 | 13,354 | 16,613 | 20,117 | 25,496 | 28,932 | 141,362 |
12 | Mg | magnesium |
737.7 | 1450.7 | 7732.7 | 10,542.5 | 13,630 | 18,020 | 21,711 | 25,661 | 31,653 | 35,458 |
13 | Al | aluminium |
577.5 | 1816.7 | 2744.8 | 11,577 | 14,842 | 18,379 | 23,326 | 27,465 | 31,853 | 38,473 |
14 | Si | silicon |
786.5 | 1577.1 | 3231.6 | 4355.5 | 16,091 | 19,805 | 23,780 | 29,287 | 33,878 | 38,726 |
15 | P | phosphorus |
1011.8 | 1907 | 2914.1 | 4963.6 | 6273.9 | 21,267 | 25,431 | 29,872 | 35,905 | 40,950 |
16 | S | sulfur |
999.6 | 2252 | 3357 | 4556 | 7004.3 | 8495.8 | 27,107 | 31,719 | 36,621 | 43,177 |
17 | Cl | chlorine |
1251.2 | 2298 | 3822 | 5158.6 | 6542 | 9362 | 11,018 | 33,604 | 38,600 | 43,961 |
18 | Ar | argon |
1520.6 | 2665.8 | 3931 | 5771 | 7238 | 8781 | 11,995 | 13,842 | 40,760 | 46,186 |
19 | K | potassium |
418.8 | 3052 | 4420 | 5877 | 7975 | 9590 | 11,343 | 14,944 | 16,963.7 | 48,610 |
20 | Ca | calcium |
589.8 | 1145.4 | 4912.4 | 6491 | 8153 | 10,496 | 12,270 | 14,206 | 18,191 | 20,385 |
21 | Sc | scandium |
633.1 | 1235.0 | 2388.6 | 7090.6 | 8843 | 10,679 | 13,310 | 15,250 | 17,370 | 21,726 |
22 | Ti | titanium |
658.8 | 1309.8 | 2652.5 | 4174.6 | 9581 | 11,533 | 13,590 | 16,440 | 18,530 | 20,833 |
23 | V | vanadium |
650.9 | 1414 | 2830 | 4507 | 6298.7 | 12,363 | 14,530 | 16,730 | 19,860 | 22,240 |
24 | Cr | chromium |
652.9 | 1590.6 | 2987 | 4743 | 6702 | 8744.9 | 15,455 | 17,820 | 20,190 | 23,580 |
25 | Mn | manganese |
717.3 | 1509.0 | 3248 | 4940 | 6990 | 9220 | 11,500 | 18,770 | 21,400 | 23,960 |
26 | Fe | iron |
762.5 | 1561.9 | 2957 | 5290 | 7240 | 9560 | 12,060 | 14,580 | 22,540 | 25,290 |
27 | Co | cobalt |
760.4 | 1648 | 3232 | 4950 | 7670 | 9840 | 12,440 | 15,230 | 17,959 | 26,570 |
28 | Ni | nickel |
737.1 | 1753.0 | 3395 | 5300 | 7339 | 10,400 | 12,800 | 15,600 | 18,600 | 21,670 |
29 | Cu | copper |
745.5 | 1957.9 | 3555 | 5536 | 7700 | 9900 | 13,400 | 16,000 | 19,200 | 22,400 |
30 | Zn | zinc |
906.4 | 1733.3 | 3833 | 5731 | 7970 | 10,400 | 12,900 | 16,800 | 19,600 | 23,000 |
31 | Ga | gallium |
578.8 | 1979.3 | 2963 | 6180 |
32 | Ge | germanium |
762 | 1537.5 | 3302.1 | 4411 | 9020 |
33 | As | arsenic |
947.0 | 1798 | 2735 | 4837 | 6043 | 12,310 |
34 | Se | selenium |
941.0 | 2045 | 2973.7 | 4144 | 6590 | 7880 | 14,990 |
35 | Br | bromine |
1139.9 | 2103 | 3470 | 4560 | 5760 | 8550 | 9940 | 18,600 |
36 | Kr | krypton |
1350.8 | 2350.4 | 3565 | 5070 | 6240 | 7570 | 10,710 | 12,138 | 22,274 | 25,880 |
37 | Rb | rubidium |
403.0 | 2633 | 3860 | 5080 | 6850 | 8140 | 9570 | 13,120 | 14,500 | 26,740 |
38 | Sr | strontium |
549.5 | 1064.2 | 4138 | 5500 | 6910 | 8760 | 10,230 | 11,800 | 15,600 | 17,100 |
39 | Y | yttrium |
600 | 1180 | 1980 | 5847 | 7430 | 8970 | 11,190 | 12,450 | 14,110 | 18,400 |
40 | Zr | zirconium |
640.1 | 1270 | 2218 | 3313 | 7752 | 9500 |
41 | Nb | niobium |
652.1 | 1380 | 2416 | 3700 | 4877 | 9847 | 12,100 |
42 | Mo | molybdenum |
684.3 | 1560 | 2618 | 4480 | 5257 | 6640.8 | 12,125 | 13,860 | 15,835 | 17,980 |
43 | Tc | technetium |
686.9[1] | 1470 | 2850 |
44 | Ru | ruthenium |
710.2 | 1620 | 2747 |
45 | Rh | rhodium |
719.7 | 1740 | 2997 |
46 | Pd | palladium |
804.4 | 1870 | 3177 |
47 | Ag | silver |
731.0 | 2070 | 3361 |
48 | Cd | cadmium |
867.8 | 1631.4 | 3616 |
49 | In | indium |
558.3 | 1820.7 | 2704 | 5210 |
50 | Sn | tin |
708.6 | 1411.8 | 2943.0 | 3930.3 | 7456 |
51 | Sb | antimony |
834 | 1594.9 | 2440 | 4260 | 5400 | 10,400 |
52 | Te | tellurium |
869.3 | 1790 | 2698 | 3610 | 5668 | 6820 | 13,200 |
53 | I | iodine |
1008.4 | 1845.9 | 3180 |
54 | Xe | xenon |
1170.4 | 2046.4 | 3099.4 |
55 | Cs | caesium |
375.7 | 2234.3 | 3400 |
56 | Ba | barium |
502.9 | 965.2 | 3600 |
57 | La | lanthanum |
538.1 | 1067 | 1850.3 | 4819 | 5940 |
58 | Ce | cerium |
534.4 | 1050 | 1949 | 3547 | 6325 | 7490 |
59 | Pr | praseodymium |
527 | 1020 | 2086 | 3761 | 5551 |
60 | Nd | neodymium |
533.1 | 1040 | 2130 | 3900 |
61 | Pm | promethium |
540 | 1050 | 2150 | 3970 |
62 | Sm | samarium |
544.5 | 1070 | 2260 | 3990 |
63 | Eu | europium |
547.1 | 1085 | 2404 | 4120 |
64 | Gd | gadolinium |
593.4 | 1170 | 1990 | 4250 |
65 | Tb | terbium |
565.8 | 1110 | 2114 | 3839 |
66 | Dy | dysprosium |
573.0 | 1130 | 2200 | 3990 |
67 | Ho | holmium |
581.0 | 1140 | 2204 | 4100 |
68 | Er | erbium |
589.3 | 1150 | 2194 | 4120 |
69 | Tm | thulium |
596.7 | 1160 | 2285 | 4120 |
70 | Yb | ytterbium |
603.4 | 1174.8 | 2417 | 4203 |
71 | Lu | lutetium |
523.5 | 1340 | 2022.3 | 4370 | 6445 |
72 | Hf | hafnium |
658.5 | 1440 | 2250 | 3216 |
73 | Ta | tantalum |
761 | 1500 |
74 | W | tungsten |
770 | 1700 |
75 | Re | rhenium |
760 | 1260 | 2510 | 3640 |
76 | Os | osmium |
840 | 1600 |
77 | Ir | iridium |
880 | 1600 |
78 | Pt | platinum |
870 | 1791 |
79 | Au | gold |
890.1 | 1980 |
80 | Hg | mercury |
1007.1 | 1810 | 3300 |
81 | Tl | thallium |
589.4 | 1971 | 2878 |
82 | Pb | lead |
715.6 | 1450.5 | 3081.5 | 4083 | 6640 |
83 | Bi | bismuth |
703 | 1610 | 2466 | 4370 | 5400 | 8520 |
84 | Po | polonium |
812.1 |
85 | At | astatine |
899.003 |
86 | Rn | radon |
1037 |
87 | Fr | francium |
393 |
88 | Ra | radium |
509.3 | 979.0 |
89 | Ac | actinium |
499 | 1170 | 1900 | 4700 |
90 | Th | thorium |
587 | 1110 | 1978 | 2780 |
91 | Pa | protactinium |
568 | 1128 | 1814 | 2991 |
92 | U | uranium |
597.6 | 1420 | 1900 | 3145 |
93 | Np | neptunium |
604.5 | 1128 | 1997 | 3242 |
94 | Pu | plutonium |
584.7 | 1128 | 2084 | 3338 |
95 | Am | americium |
578 | 1158 | 2132 | 3493 |
96 | Cm | curium |
581 | 1196 | 2026 | 3550 |
97 | Bk | berkelium |
601 | 1186 | 2152 | 3434 |
98 | Cf | californium |
608 | 1206 | 2267 | 3599 |
99 | Es | einsteinium |
619 | 1216 | 2334 | 3734 |
100 | Fm | fermium |
629 | 1225 | 2363 | 3792 |
101 | Md | mendelevium |
636 | 1235 | 2470 | 3840 |
102 | No | nobelium |
639 | 1254 | 2643 | 3956 |
103 | Lr | lawrencium |
479 | 1428 | 2228 | 4910 |
104 | Rf | rutherfordium |
580 | 1390 | 2300 | 3080 |
105 | Db | dubnium |
665 | 1547 | 2378 | 3299 | 4305 |
106 | Sg | seaborgium |
757 | 1733 | 2484 | 3416 | 4562 | 5716 |
107 | Bh | bohrium |
740 | 1690 | 2570 | 3600 | 4730 | 5990 | 7230 |
108 | Hs | hassium |
730 | 1760 | 2830 | 3640 | 4940 | 6180 | 7540 | 8860 |
109 | Mt | meitnerium |
800 | 1820 | 2900 | 3900 | 4900 |
110 | Ds | darmstadtium |
960 | 1890 | 3030 | 4000 | 5100 |
111 | Rg | roentgenium |
1020 | 2070 | 3080 | 4100 | 5300 |
112 | Cn | copernicium |
1155 | 2170 | 3160 | 4200 | 5500 |
113 | Nh | nihonium |
707.2 | 2309 | 3020 | 4382 | 5638 |
114 | Fl | flerovium |
832.2 | 1600 | 3370 | 4400 | 5850 |
115 | Mc | moscovium |
538.3 | 1760 | 2650 | 4680 | 5720 |
116 | Lv | livermorium |
663.9 | 1330 | 2850 | 3810 | 6080 |
117 | Ts | tennessine |
736.9 | 1435.4 | 2161.9 | 4012.9 | 5076.4 |
118 | Og | oganesson |
860.1 | 1560 |
119 | Uue | ununennium |
463.1 | 1700 |
120 | Ubn | unbinilium |
563.3 | 895– 919 |
121 | Ubu | unbiunium |
429.4 | 1110 | 1710 | 4270 |
122 | Ubb | unbibium |
545 | 1090 | 1848 | 2520 |
11th–20th ionisation energies
number | symbol | name |
11th | 12th | 13th | 14th | 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th |
11 | Na | sodium |
159,076 |
12 | Mg | magnesium |
169,988 | 189,368 |
13 | Al | aluminium |
42,647 | 201,266 | 222,316 |
14 | Si | silicon |
45,962 | 50,502 | 235,196 | 257,923 |
15 | P | phosphorus |
46,261 | 54,110 | 59,024 | 271,791 | 296,195 |
16 | S | sulfur |
48,710 | 54,460 | 62,930 | 68,216 | 311,048 | 337,138 |
17 | Cl | chlorine |
51,068 | 57,119 | 63,363 | 72,341 | 78,095 | 352,994 | 380,760 |
18 | Ar | argon |
52,002 | 59,653 | 66,199 | 72,918 | 82,473 | 88,576 | 397,605 | 427,066 |
19 | K | potassium |
54,490 | 60,730 | 68,950 | 75,900 | 83,080 | 93,400 | 99,710 | 444,880 | 476,063 |
20 | Ca | calcium |
57,110 | 63,410 | 70,110 | 78,890 | 86,310 | 94,000 | 104,900 | 111,711 | 494,850 | 527,762 |
21 | Sc | scandium |
24,102 | 66,320 | 73,010 | 80,160 | 89,490 | 97,400 | 105,600 | 117,000 | 124,270 | 547,530 |
22 | Ti | titanium |
25,575 | 28,125 | 76,015 | 83,280 | 90,880 | 100,700 | 109,100 | 117,800 | 129,900 | 137,530 |
23 | V | vanadium |
24,670 | 29,730 | 32,446 | 86,450 | 94,170 | 102,300 | 112,700 | 121,600 | 130,700 | 143,400 |
24 | Cr | chromium |
26,130 | 28,750 | 34,230 | 37,066 | 97,510 | 105,800 | 114,300 | 125,300 | 134,700 | 144,300 |
25 | Mn | manganese |
27,590 | 30,330 | 33,150 | 38,880 | 41,987 | 109,480 | 118,100 | 127,100 | 138,600 | 148,500 |
26 | Fe | iron |
28,000 | 31,920 | 34,830 | 37,840 | 44,100 | 47,206 | 122,200 | 131,000 | 140,500 | 152,600 |
27 | Co | cobalt |
29,400 | 32,400 | 36,600 | 39,700 | 42,800 | 49,396 | 52,737 | 134,810 | 145,170 | 154,700 |
28 | Ni | nickel |
30,970 | 34,000 | 37,100 | 41,500 | 44,800 | 48,100 | 55,101 | 58,570 | 148,700 | 159,000 |
29 | Cu | copper |
25,600 | 35,600 | 38,700 | 42,000 | 46,700 | 50,200 | 53,700 | 61,100 | 64,702 | 163,700 |
30 | Zn | zinc |
26,400 | 29,990 | 40,490 | 43,800 | 47,300 | 52,300 | 55,900 | 59,700 | 67,300 | 71,200 |
36 | Kr | krypton |
29,700 | 33,800 | 37,700 | 43,100 | 47,500 | 52,200 | 57,100 | 61,800 | 75,800 | 80,400 |
38 | Sr | strontium |
31,270 |
39 | Y | yttrium |
19,900 | 36,090 |
42 | Mo | molybdenum |
20,190 | 22,219 | 26,930 | 29,196 | 52,490 | 55,000 | 61,400 | 67,700 | 74,000 | 80,400 |
21st–30th ionisation energies
number | symbol | name |
21st | 22nd | 23rd | 24th | 25th | 26th | 27th | 28th | 29th | 30th |
21 | Sc | scandium |
582,163 |
22 | Ti | titanium |
602,930 | 639,294 |
23 | V | vanadium |
151,440 | 661,050 | 699,144 |
24 | Cr | chromium |
157,700 | 166,090 | 721,870 | 761,733 |
25 | Mn | manganese |
158,600 | 172,500 | 181,380 | 785,450 | 827,067 |
26 | Fe | iron |
163,000 | 173,600 | 188,100 | 195,200 | 851,800 | 895,161 |
27 | Co | cobalt |
167,400 | 178,100 | 189,300 | 204,500 | 214,100 | 920,870 | 966,023 |
28 | Ni | nickel |
169,400 | 182,700 | 194,000 | 205,600 | 221,400 | 231,490 | 992,718 | 1,039,668 |
29 | Cu | copper |
174,100 | 184,900 | 198,800 | 210,500 | 222,700 | 239,100 | 249,660 | 1,067,358 | 1,116,105 |
30 | Zn | zinc |
179,100 |
36 | Kr | krypton |
85,300 | 90,400 | 96,300 | 101,400 | 111,100 | 116,290 | 282,500 | 296,200 | 311,400 | 326,200 |
42 | Mo | molybdenum |
87,000 | 93,400 | 98,420 | 104,400 | 121,900 | 127,700 | 133,800 | 139,800 | 148,100 | 154,500 |
References
- Ionization energies of the elements (data page)
- Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1. (for predictions)
- Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013. (for predictions)
- ↑ Mattolat, C.; Gottwald, T.; Raeder, S.; Rothe, S.; Schwellnus, F.; Wendt, K.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Trautmann, N. (24 May 2010). "Determination of the first ionization potential of technetium". Physical Review A. 81: 052513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.81.052513.
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Elements | |
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Data |
- Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and Solar System
- Atomic radius empirical, calculated, van der Waals radius, covalent radius
- Boiling point
- Critical point
- Density solid, liquid, gas
- Elastic properties of the elements: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, shear modulus
- Electrical resistivity
- Electron affinity
- Electron configuration
- Electronegativity (Pauling, Allen scale)
- Hardness: Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness
- Heat capacity
- Heat of fusion
- Heat of vaporization
- Ionization energy (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol)
- Melting point
- Molar ionization energy
- Oxidation state
- Speed of sound
- Standard atomic weight
- Thermal conductivity
- Specific heat capacity
- Thermal expansion
- Vapor pressure
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