In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.
Possible ultratrace elements in humans include boron, silicon, nickel, vanadium[1] and cobalt.[2] Other possible ultratrace elements in other organisms include bromine, cadmium, fluorine, lead, lithium, and tin.[3]
References
- ↑ J. Mann & A. S. Truswell (editors). Essentials of Human Nutrition (3rd edition, 2007). Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ↑ Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470095.
- ↑ Nielsen, Forrest H., Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition, Annual Review of Nutrition
Vol. 4: 21-41 (Volume publication date July 1984)
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Major | Calcium# |
- β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
- acetate
- ascorbate
- carbonate
- chloride
- +cholecalciferol
- citrate
- folinate#
- glubionate
- glucoheptonate
- gluconate#
- glycerylphosphate
- lactate gluconate
- lactate
- malate
- pangamate
- phosphate
- sulfate
- hydroxyapatite
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Magnesium |
- ascorbate
- aspartate
- carbonate
- chloride
- citrate
- gluconate
- glycinate
- lactate
- levulinate
- malate
- orotate
- oxide
- pidolate
- sulfate#
- taurate
- L-threonate
|
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Phosphorus |
- adenosine triphosphate disodium
- hydroxyapatite
- monosodium phosphate
|
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Potassium |
- ascorbate
- bicarbonate
- bitartrate
- carbonate
- chloride#
- citrate (+hydrogen carbonate)
- gluconate
- iodide#
- lactate
- malate
- permanganate#
- phosphate
- sulfate
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Sodium |
- Docusate sodium#
- Glucose with sodium chloride#
- Heparin sodium#
- ascorbate
- calcium edetate#
- carbonate
- chloride#
- citrate
- gluconate
- hydrogen carbonate#
- lactate#
- malate
- nitrite#
- nitroprusside#
- phosphates
- stibogluconate#
- sulfate
- thiosulfate#
- Suramin sodium#
- Valproic acid#
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Sulfur |
- barium sulfate#
- Calcium sulfate
- L-cysteine
- L-cystine
- L-glutathione
- Iron(II) sulfate#
- sulfate#
- L-methionine
- methylsulfonylmethane
- N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- R-α-lipoic acid
- potassium sulfate
- protamine sulfate#
- S-adenosyl methionine
- Sodium sulfate
- Sodium thiosulfate#
- taurine
- (IV) sulfate
- zinc sulfate#
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Trace | |
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Ultratrace | |
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
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