Victorium,[1] originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false. The name monium means "alone", because its spectral lines stood alone at the end of the ultraviolet spectrum.[2] In 1899 Crookes renamed the purported element "victorium" in honor of Queen Victoria's recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium.[3]
References
- ↑ Elder, Eleanor S (1980). "Sir William Crookes, Victorium, and the Library of Congress". Journal of Chemical Education. 57 (6): 421. Bibcode:1980JChEd..57..421E. doi:10.1021/ed057p421.
- ↑ Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 9780199383368.
- ↑ Brock, William Hodson (2008). William Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 321–325. ISBN 9780754663225.
Queen Victoria |
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Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901), Empress of India (1876–1901) |
Events |
- Coronation
- Honours
- Hackpen White Horse
- Wedding
- Golden Jubilee
- Honours
- Medal
- Police Medal
- Clock Tower, Weymouth
- Clock Tower, Brighton
- Bust
- Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition
- Diamond Jubilee
- Honours
- Medal
- Jubilee Diamond
- Jubilee Tower
- Cherries jubilee
- Recessional (poem)
- Cunningham Clock Tower
- Devonshire House Ball
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Reign |
- Bedchamber crisis
- Prime ministers
- Edward Oxford
- The boy Jones
- Empress of India
- John William Bean
- Victorian era
- Victorian morality
- Visits to Manchester
- Foreign visits
- Death and state funeral
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Family |
- Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (husband)
- Victoria, German Empress (daughter)
- Edward VII (son)
- Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (daughter)
- Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (son)
- Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (daughter)
- Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (daughter)
- Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (son)
- Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (son)
- Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg (daughter)
- Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (father)
- Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (mother)
- Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (half-sister)
- Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen (half-brother)
- Descendants
- Royal descendants
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Early life |
- Kensington System
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Honours |
- Places
- Empire Day
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- Victoria Day
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- Victoria Cross
- Victoria (plant)
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Depictions | Film |
- Sixty Years a Queen (1913)
- Victoria in Dover (1936)
- Victoria the Great (1937)
- Sixty Glorious Years (1938)
- Victoria in Dover (1954)
- Mrs Brown (1997)
- The Young Victoria (2009)
- Victoria & Abdul (2017)
- The Black Prince (2017)
- Dolittle (2020)
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Television |
- Happy and Glorious (1952)
- Victoria Regina (1961)
- The Young Victoria (1963)
- Victoria & Albert (2001)
- Looking for Victoria (2003)
- Royal Upstairs Downstairs (2011)
- Victoria (2016–2019)
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Stage |
- Victoria and Merrie England (1897)
- Victoria Regina (1934)
- I and Albert (1972)
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Statues and memorials |
- List of statues
- London
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Portraits |
- Victoria, Duchess of Kent with Princess Victoria (1821)
- The First Council of Queen Victoria (1838)
- Queen Victoria Enthroned in the House of Lords (1838)
- Coronation Portrait (1838)
- The Coronation of Queen Victoria (1839)
- Queen Victoria Riding Out (1840)
- The Marriage of Queen Victoria (1842)
- Queen Victoria (1843)
- The Arrival of Queen Victoria at the Château d'Eu (1843)
- The Christening of the Prince of Wales (1845)
- The Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria (1851–52)
- The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal (1860)
- The Marriage of the Prince of Wales (1863–65)
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Poetry |
- "The Widow at Windsor" (1892)
- "Recessional" (1897)
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Songs | |
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Stamps | British |
- Penny Black
- Two penny blue
- Penny Red
- Embossed stamps
- Halfpenny Rose Red
- Three Halfpence Red
- Penny Venetian Red
- Penny Lilac
- Lilac and Green Issue
- Jubilee Issue
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Colonial |
- Chalon head
- Canada 12d black
- Canada 2c Large Queen
- Ceylon Dull Rose
- India Inverted Head 4 annas
- Malta Halfpenny Yellow
- Mauritius "Post Office" stamps
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Related |
- Osborne House
- Queen Victoria's journals
- John Brown
- Abdul Karim
- Pets
- Diamond Crown
- Victoriana
- Victoria sponge
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- ← William IV
- Edward VII →
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