I had a similar issue. Some applications would install OK, and when clicking, they would "Open", or at least they would shake like they were opening, but in effect nothing happened.
It turned out to be because I have a Graphics card, and the system mistakenly thought I had two monitors so the applications were opening on this phantom monitor.
If this is the case for you, go to System Settings > Displays and if there is an extra display, disable it.
I also went on to install the nvidia driver which helped with other problems
whereis google-chrome-stablewhat does it return. – George Udosen Dec 25 '16 at 13:47google-chrome-stable: /usr/bin/google-chrome-stableI have same issue – HEX Feb 07 '17 at 21:27