Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Use American English Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox mountain Fagradalsfjall (Vorlage:IPA-is) is a tuya volcano formed in the Last Glacial Period on the Reykjanes Peninsula, around Vorlage:Convert from Reykjavík, Iceland. Fagradalsfjall is also the name for the wider volcanic system covering an area Vorlage:Convert wide and Vorlage:Convert long between the Svartsengi and Krýsuvík systems. The highest summit in this area is Langhóll Vorlage:IPA-is (Vorlage:Convert). No volcanic eruption had occurred for 800 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021 when a fissure vent appeared in Geldingadalir to the south of Fagradalsfjall mountain. The 2021 eruption was effusive and last emitted fresh lava on 18 September 2021. The eruption was unique among the volcanoes monitored in Iceland so far and is expected to develop into a shield volcano. Due to its relative ease of access from Reykjavík, the volcano has become an attraction for local people and foreign tourists.

Etymology

The name is a compound of the Icelandic words 'fagur' ("fair", "beautiful"), 'dalur' ("dale", "valley") and 'fjall' ("fell", "mountain"). The mountain massif is named after Fagridalur (Vorlage:IPA-is, "fair dale" or "beautiful valley") which is at its northwest. The 2021 lava field is named Fagradalshraun Vorlage:IPA-is.

Tectonic setting

The mountain Fagradalsfjall is a volcano in an area of eruptive fissures, cones and lava fields also named Fagradalsfjall. The Fagradalsfjall fissure swarm is considered in some publications to be a branch or a secondary part of the Krýsuvík-Trölladyngja volcanic system on the Reykjanes Peninsula in southwest Iceland. Other scientists propose that Fagradalsfjall could represent a separate volcanic system from Krýsuvík and it is regarded as such in some publications. It is in a zone of active rifting at the divergent boundary between the Eurasian and North American plates. Plate spreading at the Reykjanes peninsula is highly oblique and is characterized by a superposition on left-lateral shear and extension. The Krýsuvík volcanic system has been moderately active in the Holocene, with the most recent eruptive episode before the 21st century having occurred in the 12th-century CE. The Fagradalsfjall mountain was formed from an eruption under the ice sheet in the Pleistocene period, and it had lain dormant for 6,000 years until an eruption fissure appeared in the area in March 2021.


The unrest and eruption in Fagradalsfjall are part of a larger unrest period on Reykjanes Peninsula including unrest within several volcanic systems and among others also the unrest at Þorbjörn volcano next to Svartsengi and the Blue Lagoon during the spring of 2020. However, eruptions at this location were unexpected as other nearby systems on the Reykjanes Peninsula had been more active.

The 2021 eruption is the first to be observed on this branch of the plate boundary in Reykjanes. It appears to be different from most eruptions observed where the main volcanoes are fed by a magma chamber underneath, whose size and pressure on it determine the size and length of eruption. This eruption may be fed by a relatively narrow and long channel (~ 17 km) that is linked to the Earth's mantle, and the lava flow may be determined by the properties of the eruption channel.

2021 eruption series

Precursors

Beginning December 2019 and into March 2021, a swarm of earthquakes, two of which reached magnitude Vorlage:M, rocked the Reykjanes peninsula, sparking concerns that an eruption was imminent, because the earthquakes were thought to have been triggered by dyke intrusions and magma movements under the peninsula. Minor damage to homes from a 4 February 2021 magnitude 5.7 earthquake was reported. In the three weeks before the eruption, more than 40,000 tremors were recorded by seismographs.

Eruption fissures in Geldingadalir

On 19 March 2021, an effusive eruption started at approximately 8:45 PM local time in Geldingadalir (Vorlage:IPA-is;Die Verwendung dieser Vorlage ist in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia unerwünscht. the singular "Geldingadalur" Vorlage:IPA-is is also often used) to the south of Fagradalsfjall, the first known eruption on the peninsula in about 800 years. Fagradalsfjall had been dormant for 6,000 years. The eruptive activity was first announced by the Icelandic Meteorological Office at 9:40 PM. Reports stated a Vorlage:Convert fissure vent began ejecting lava, which covered an area of less than Vorlage:Convert. As of the March eruptions, the lava flows posed no threat to residents, as the area is mostly uninhabited.

The eruption has been called Geldingadalsgos (Vorlage:IPA-is "Geldingadalur eruption"). As of 26 March, the main eruptive vent was at 63.8889 N, 22.2704 W, on the site of a previous eruptive mound. The eruption may be a shield volcano eruption, which may last for several years. It can be seen from the suburbs of the capital city of Reykjavík and has attracted a large number of visitors. However, high levels of volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide make parts of the area inaccessible.

On 13 April 2021, 4 new craters formed in Geldingadalir within the lava flows. The lava output which had been somewhat reduced over the last days, increased again.

Eruption fissures on Fagradalsfjall

Around noon on 5 April a new fissure, variously estimated to be between about Vorlage:Convert long, opened a distance of about Vorlage:Convert to the north/north-east of the still-active vents at the center of the March eruption. As a precaution the area was evacuated by the coast guard.

Some time later, another eruption fissure opened parallel to the first on the slopes of Fagradalsfjall.

The lava production of all open eruption fissures in the whole was estimated on 5 April 2021, being around Vorlage:Convert and is flowing into the valley Meradalir (Vorlage:IPA-is, "mare dale") via a steep gully.

About 36 hours later, around midnight on 6–7 April, another eruption fissure opened up. It is about Vorlage:Convert long and about Vorlage:Convert to the north-east of the first fissure, between the Geldingadalur fissures and the ones on the slope of the mountain. Search and rescue crews observed a new depression, about Vorlage:Convert deep there the previous day. The lava from this fissure flowed into Geldingadalur valley.

Another fissure opened during the night of 10–11 April 2021 between the two open fissures on the slopes of Fagradalsfjall. In total, 6 fissures had opened until the 13 April and at each fissure, activity concentrated and formed individual vents. Towards the end of April, activity at most vents, apart from Vent 5, started to decrease.

By 2 May 2021, only one fissure, Vent 5 that appeared near the initial eruption site on Geldingadalir, remained active. It developed into a volcano with the occasional explosive eruptions within its crater that sometimes reached heights of hundreds of meters. The rim of the volcano itself had risen to a height of Vorlage:Convert above sea level by September 2021. The lava flowed into the Meradalir valley, and later the Nátthagi Vorlage:IPA-is valley.

A number of smaller openings appeared temporarily, one small vent was reported to have erupted near the main crater on 1 July. On 14 August, lava spurted from what appeared to be a hole on the crater wall, and this turned out to be an independent eruption. Cracks appeared on Gónhóll that was once popular with spectators in August but no lava flowed at the site. After eight and a half days of inactivity at the main volcano, lava broke through the surface in the lava field to the north of the crater in a number of places.

Lava and gas output: Development of the eruption

The eruption showed distinct phases in its eruption pattern. The first phase lasted for about two weeks with continuous lava flow of around Vorlage:Convert from its first crater, the second phase also lasted around two weeks with new eruptions to the north of the first crater with variable lava flow of Vorlage:Convert . This is followed by a period of two and a half months of eruption at a single crater with largely continuous and sometimes pulsating eruption and lava flow of around Vorlage:Convert lasting until the end of June. From then on until early September was a phase of fluctuating eruption with periodic strong lava flow interrupted by periods of inactivity.

On 12 April, scientists from the University of Iceland measured the lava field's area to be Vorlage:Convert and its volume to be Vorlage:Convert. The flow rate of the lava was Vorlage:Convert, and sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride were being emitted at Vorlage:Convert respectively.

The lava produced by the eruption shows a composition differing from historical Reykjanes lavas. This could be caused by a new batch of magma arriving from a large magma reservoir at a depth of about Vorlage:Convert at the Moho under Reykjanes.

Results from measurements published by University of Iceland on 26 April 2021 showed that the composition of eruption products had changed, to more closely resemble the typical Holocene basalts of Reykjanes peninsula. The eruption itself also changed in character at the same time, and was producing lava fountains up to Vorlage:Convert in height on Sunday, 25 April 2021. On 28 April 2021, the lava fountains from the main crater reached a height of Vorlage:Convert.

The eruption pattern changed on 2 May from a continuous eruption and lava flow to a pulsating one, where periods of eruptions alternated with periods of inactivity, with each cycle lasting 10 minutes to half an hour. The magma jets became stronger, producing lava fountains of Vorlage:Convert in height, visible from Reykjavík, with the highest one measured at Vorlage:Convert. The lava jets have been explained as explosive release of ancient trapped water or magma coming in contact with groundwater. The lava flow rate in the following weeks was also double that of the average for the first six weeks, with an average lava flow rate of Vorlage:Convert from 18 May to 2 June.

The increase in lava flow is unusual, as eruption outputs typically decrease with time. Scientists from the University of Iceland hypothesize that there is a large magma reservoir deep under the volcano, not the typical smaller magma chamber associated with these kinds of eruptions that empty over a short time. From the composition of the magma sampled, they also believe that there is a discrete vent feeding the main lava flow from a depth of Vorlage:Convert from the Earth's mantle, and may be of a more primitive kind than those previously observed. The channel widened in the first six weeks leading to increased lava flow. The eruption may create a new shield volcano if it continues for long enough. The formation of such volcano has not been studied before in real time, and this eruption can offer insights into the working of the magmatic systems.

Two defensive barriers were created starting 14 May as an experiment to stop lava flowing into the Nátthagi valley where telecommunication cables are buried, and further on to the southern coastal road Suðurlandsvegur. However, the lava soon flowed over the top of eastern barrier 22 May, and cascaded down to the Nátthagi. Lava flowed over the western barrier on 5 June. Lava flow blocked the main trail that provide access to the main viewing area on Gónhóll, first on 4 June, then again early in the morning of 13 June at another location. A further wall five meters high and 200 meters long was then created on 15 June in an attempt to divert lava flow away from Nátthagakriki Vorlage:IPA-is with important infrastructure to its west and north. A barrier of 3 to 5 m high started to be constructed on 25 June at the mouth of Nátthagi to delay the flow of the lava over the southern coastal road and properties on Ísólfsskáli Vorlage:IPA-is, although it was expected that the lava would eventually flow over the area into the sea. A proposal to build a bridge over the road to allow the lava flow underneath was rejected.

Around three months after the volcano first erupted, the lava flow was a steady Vorlage:Convert, and the lava now covered an area of more than Vorlage:Convert increasing by around Vorlage:Convert. Lava had accumulated Vorlage:Convert deep around the volcano. The lava flow became continuous, which can be either above or below ground, although the eruptions also became calmer with the occasional increase in activity. There appeared to be no direct connection between the activity at the crater and lava flow. The lava flow can be tracked by helicopter or satellite, for example via radar imaging that can penetrate through the clouds and volcanic smog that had become more frequent in the area by July.

The eruptions stayed unusually constant until 23 June, and the activity then reduced significantly on 28 June, becoming inactive for many hours, and resuming on 29 June. It shifted to a pattern of many hours of inactivity, for example on 1 July and 4 July, with the eruptions resuming later. Lava flow from the crater ceased for 4 days from 5 July until 9 July, when eruptions resumed, initially with a periodicity of around 10 to 15 minutes, then lengthening to 3 to 4 an hour by 13 July. Lava has also been observed emerging from the bottom of the volcano on 10 July with considerable amount of lava flowing into the Meradalir valley, and a section of the volcano on the northeastern side also broke off on the 14 July. Lava flow was estimated to be around Vorlage:Convert but averaged to Vorlage:Convert due to the periods of inactivity from late June to mid-July, half of the flow rate in May and June. The periodic lull in activity continued, with 7 to 13 hours of inactivity and similar period of eruption by late July, which lengthened to a pattern of mostly around 15 hours of inactivity alternating with around 20 hours of continuous eruption in August. It has been speculated that there are blockages at the top hundred metres of the eruption channel. By July, this eruption had become larger than most eruptions that have ever occurred on the Reykjanes peninsula. Measurement taken on 27 July indicated that the lava flow had increased again, returned to and possibly exceeding the peak level last seen in June. The measurement indicated an average flow of Vorlage:Convert over 8–10 days, the highest observed thus far, but with a large margin of error. After a couple of months where the lava flowed mainly into the Meradalir valley, the lava started to flow down the Nátthagi valley again on 21 August. The eruption by now had become the second longest in Iceland of the 21st century.

The volcano stopped erupting on 2 September, but lava flow resumed on 11 September, with the magma breaking through the lava field surface in several places. However, the main crater channel appeared to have been blocked, and the crater was filled with lava from a source underneath the northwestern wall through a crack on the wall, and lava also flowed outside the volcano through the wall. The average lava flow over the past 32 days had returned to Vorlage:Convert, and the lava field of Vorlage:Convert now covered an area of Vorlage:Convert. After a period of continuous eruption, a pulsing pattern of activity last seen in April/May started on 13 September, a pattern believed to be similar to what is observed in geysers where the frequency of eruption may be determined by the size of the reservoir below and how quickly it is filled up. The volcano was pulsing at a rate of around 8 eruptions per hour on 14 September. No lava flowed out directly from the crater, instead lava began to emerge in significant amount from outside the volcano on 15 September. On 16 September 2021, after 181 days of eruption, it became the longest eruption of the 21st century in Iceland. Average lava flow was Vorlage:Convert from 11 to 17 September when flow resumed, with the lava field increasing to Vorlage:Convert covering an area of Vorlage:Convert. Eruption stopped again on 18 September but the activity decreased unusually slowly. On October 18, the alert level was lower from "Orange" to Yellow" due to no lava having erupted since September 18. The Icelandic meteorological office also stated that "it is assessed that Krýsuvík volcano is currently in a non-eruptive state. The activity might escalate again so the situation is monitored closely".

Supposed burial site

The area where the volcano first erupted is thought to be the ancient burial site of an early Norse settler Ísólfur frá Ísólfsstöðum Vorlage:IPA-is. However, a quick archaeological survey of Geldingadalur after the eruption started found no evidence of human remains in the area.

1943 accident

On 3 May 1943, LTG Frank Maxwell Andrews, a U.S. Army senior officer and founder of the United States Army Air Forces, was killed along with fourteen others when their B-24 aircraft Hot Stuff crashed into the side of the mountain.

See also

  • Volcanism in Iceland
  • Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula
  • Geography of Iceland
  • Geology of Iceland
  • List of volcanic eruptions on Iceland

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:Commons category

Vorlage:Volcanoes of Iceland

  1. 1 2 3 4 Fagradalsfjall. In: Volcano Discovery.
  2. ↑ Archived copy. Archiviert vom Original am 18 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Small" volcanic eruption in Iceland lights up night sky near Reykjavik. In: France 24, 20 March 2021. 
  4. ↑ Kristján Sæmundsson, Magnús Á. Sigurgeirsson: Hvað getið þið sagt mér um eldstöðvakerfið sem kennt er við Fagradalsfjall?. In: Vísindavefurinn. 25 June 2018.
  5. 1 2 Kortasjá. In: kortasja.lmi.is. Archiviert vom Original am 20 June 2021. Abgerufen am 13. April 2021.
  6. 1 2 Upptök gossins eru í Geldingadal (is) In: www.mbl.is. Archiviert vom Original am 19 March 2021. Abgerufen im 21 March 2021.
  7. ↑ Iceland volcano: Eruption under way in Fagradalsfjall, near Reykjavik. In: The Guardian, 20 March 2021. 
  8. ↑ The Civil protection crisis level lowered from orange to yellow for the Volcano in Fagrdalsfjall | News (en) In: Icelandic Meteorological office. Abgerufen am 19. Oktober 2021.
  9. ↑ Guðni Einarsson: Óljóst hvað stýrir gosóróa. In: mbl.is, 14 July 2021. 
  10. 1 2 Kate Ravilious: Terrawatch: witnessing a 'lava shield' volcano form. In: The Guardian, 7 July 2021. 
  11. ↑ Philip Andrew Churm: An erupting volcano in Iceland is drawing tourists from around the world. In: EuroNews, 10 May 2021. Abgerufen im 22 May 2021. 
  12. ↑ Harriet Sherwood: Lava in a cold climate: Icelanders rush to get wed at volcano site. In: The Guardian, 18 April 2021. Abgerufen im 22 May 2021. 
  13. ↑ Skúli Halldórsson: Hraunið mun heita Fagradalshraun. In: mbl.is. 5 May 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 5 May 2021. Abgerufen im 5 May 2021.
  14. ↑ Krýsuvík-Trölladyngja. In: Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Archiviert vom Original am 19 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021.
  15. ↑ See eg.: Geirsson, H., Parks, M., Vogfjörd, K., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Jónsdóttir, K., Drouin, V., Ófeigsson, B. G., Hreinsdóttir, S., and Ducrocq, C.: The 2020 volcano-tectonic unrest at Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: stress triggering and reactivation of several volcanic systems, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-7534, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7534 Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben, 2021. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/EGU21-7534.html Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Retrieved: 6 April 2021
  16. ↑ M. Keiding, T. Árnadóttir, E. Sturkell, H. Geirsson, B. Lund: Strain accumulation along an oblique plate boundary: the Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland. In: Geophysical Journal International. 172, Nr. 2, 2008, S. 861–872. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03655.x.
  17. ↑ Íslensk eldfjallavefsjá. In: icelandicvolcanos.is. Archiviert vom Original am 24 March 2021. Abgerufen am 4. April 2021.
  18. ↑ Fagradalsfjall volcano in Iceland erupts for the first time in 6,000 years. In: iNews, 20 March 2021. 
  19. ↑ See eg.: Geirsson, H., Parks, M., Vogfjörd, K., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Jónsdóttir, K., Drouin, V., Ófeigsson, B. G., Hreinsdóttir, S., and Ducrocq, C.: The 2020 volcano-tectonic unrest at Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: stress triggering and reactivation of several volcanic systems, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-7534, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7534 Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben, 2021. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/EGU21-7534.html Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Retrieved: 6 April 2021
  20. 1 2 Hvorki hægt að sjá fyrir goslok né áframhald. In: RÚV, 12 September 2021. 
  21. 1 2 3 4 Eldgos í Fagradalsfjalli. In: University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences.
  22. ↑ Árni Sæberg, Heimir Már Pétursson: Fimm mánuðir frá upphafi eldgossins í Fagradalsfjalli. In: Vísir., 19 August 2021. 
  23. ↑ Elian Peltier: In Iceland, 18,000 earthquakes over days signal possible eruption on the horizon. In: The New York Times, 4 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021. 
  24. ↑ M 5.6 - 11 km SW of Álftanes, Iceland. In: USGS-ANSS. USGS. Archiviert vom Original am 24 February 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021.
  25. ↑ M 5.6 - 6 km SE of Vogar, Iceland. In: USGS-ANSS. USGS. Archiviert vom Original am 1 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021.
  26. ↑ Vala Hafstað: Earthquakes on Reykjanes peninsula explained. In: Iceland Monitor, 18 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021. 
  27. ↑ Jón Frímann: Earthquake with magnitude 5,7 in Reykjanes volcano (update at 12:28 UTC). In: Iceland Geology. Iceland Geology. 24 February 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 28 February 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021.
  28. ↑ Volcano erupts near Iceland's capital Reykjavik, BBC. 20 March 2021. 
  29. ↑ Aukagígur sækir í sig veðrið (is) In: www.mbl.is. Archiviert vom Original am 23 March 2021. Abgerufen am 24. März 2021.
  30. ↑ Long dormant volcano comes to life in southwestern Iceland. In: US News, 19 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021. 
  31. ↑ Vala Hafstað: 'Best possible location' for eruption. In: Iceland Monitor, 20 March 2021. 
  32. ↑ Andie Sophia Fontaine: Eruption at Fagradalsfjall. In: Grapevine, 19 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021. 
  33. ↑ Alexander Elliott: Volcanic eruption: What we know so far. In: RÚV, 19 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021. 
  34. ↑ Vorlage:Cite AV media
  35. 1 2 Vísbendingar um dyngjugos sem getur varað í ár (is) In: www.mbl.is. Archiviert vom Original am 23 March 2021. Abgerufen am 24. März 2021.
  36. ↑ Gosið sést vel af höfuðborgarsvæðinu (is) In: www.mbl.is. Archiviert vom Original am 23 March 2021. Abgerufen am 24. März 2021.
  37. ↑ "Þetta er hálfgerð Þjóðhátíð hérna" (is) In: www.mbl.is. Archiviert vom Original am 24 March 2021. Abgerufen am 24. März 2021.
  38. ↑ "Ekkert í líkingu við það sem við höfum séð áður" (is) In: www.mbl.is. Archiviert vom Original am 4 June 2021. Abgerufen am 25. März 2021.
  39. ↑ Ingvar Þór Björnsson: Telja fjóra nýja gíga hafa opnast (is) In: RÚV. 13. April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 13 April 2021. Abgerufen am 13. April 2021.
  40. ↑ BREAKING: New Fissure Opens North Of Geldingadalur, Area Evacuated (en-US) In: The Reykjavik Grapevine. 5. April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 5 April 2021. Abgerufen am 5. April 2021.
  41. ↑ Vésteinn Örn Pétursson, Sylvia Hall: Ný sprunga að opnast á Reykjanesskaga (is) In: Vísir. 5 April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 5 April 2021. Abgerufen am 5. April 2021.
  42. ↑ Ný gossprunga skammt frá gosstöðvum í Geldingadölum (is) In: Veðurstofa Íslands. 5 April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 5 April 2021. Abgerufen am 5. April 2021.
  43. ↑ https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/04/05/tvaer-nyjar-sprungur-og-hraunid-rennur-i-meradali Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Tvær nýjar sprungur og hraunið rennur í Meradali. Ruv.is. 05.04.2021 - 14:05. Retrieved 6 April 2021
  44. ↑ https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/04/05/gosid-hefur-vaxid-10-rummetrar-af-kviku-a-sekundu Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Gosið hefur vaxið - 10 rúmmetrar af kviku á sekúndu. Ruv.is Retrieved: 6 April 2021
  45. ↑ See also: http://jardvis.hi.is/eldgos_i_geldingadolum Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Eldgos í geldingadölum. Háskóli Íslands. Jarðvínsindastofnun. Retrieved: 6 April 2021
  46. ↑ Reykjanes surprise (en-GB) In: VolcanoCafe. 5. April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 5 April 2021. Abgerufen am 7. April 2021.
  47. ↑ https://en.vedur.is/#tab=quakes Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Specialist remark. Earthquake page of Icelandic Met Office. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  48. ↑ See also https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/04/07/ny-sprunga-buin-ad-opnast Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben RÚV: Ný sprunga búin að opnast. Retrieved 7 April 2021
  49. ↑ From Iceland — A New Fissure Has Opened At Geldingadalur (en-US) In: The Reykjavik Grapevine. 7. April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 7 April 2021. Abgerufen am 7. April 2021.
  50. ↑ Jelena Ćirić: Reykjanes Eruption: Third Fissure Opens (en-US) In: Iceland Review. 7. April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 20 June 2021. Abgerufen am 7. April 2021.
  51. ↑ See eg. https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/04/10/ny-sprunga-opnadist-i-geldingadolum-i-nott Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben RÚV. Ný sprunga opnaðist í Geldingadölum í nótt. Retrieved: 13 April 2021
  52. ↑ Global Volcanism Program | Report on Krysuvik-Trolladyngja (Iceland) — May 2021 (en) In: volcano.si.edu. doi:10.5479/si.gvp.bgvn202105-371030. Abgerufen am 21. November 2021.
  53. ↑ Heidi Julavits: Chasing the Lava Flow in Iceland. In: The New Yorker. 16 August 2021.
  54. ↑ Skjálfti upp á 3,2 við Kleifarvatn -- gosvirkni svipuð (is). In: RÚV, 3 May 2021. 
  55. ↑ Fagradalsfjall volcano update: Lava overflows dam, enters valley towards southern Ring Road now in dager being cut. 23 May 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 27 May 2021. Abgerufen im 18 Jun 2021.
  56. ↑ Gosið í fullu fjöri. In: mbl.is, 1 July 2021. 
  57. ↑ Tryggvi Páll Tryggvason: Nýjasta gosopið í góðum gír. In: Vísir, 16 August 2021. 
  58. ↑ Lovísa Arnardóttir: Nýjar sprungur á Gónhóli. In: Fréttabladid, 20 August 2021. 
  59. 1 2 Hallgerður Kolbrún E. Jónsdóttir: Kvika flæðir undan gömlu hrauni í Geldingadölum. In: Vísir, 11 September 2021. 
  60. ↑ Eldgosið staðið yfir í fimm mánuði. In: mbl.is, 19 August 2021. 
  61. ↑ Fagradalsfjall 10. ágúst 2021. In: University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences.
  62. ↑ http://jardvis.hi.is/eldgos_i_fagradalsfjalli Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Jarðvísíndastofnun Háskóla Íslands Retrieved: 13 April 2021
  63. ↑ New trace element and isotope analyses of the Geldingadalir lava. In: Institute of Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 13 April 2021. Abgerufen am 13. April 2021.
  64. ↑ Characterisation of rock samples collected in the first week of the eruption-trace elements and Pb-isotopes. In: Institute of Earth Sciences. Archiviert vom Original am 14 April 2021. Abgerufen im 14 April 2021.
  65. ↑ Characterisation of rock samples collected on the 1st and 2nd days of the eruption in Geldingdalur. In: Institute of Earth Sciences. Archiviert vom Original am 13 April 2021. Abgerufen am 13. April 2021.
  66. ↑ Eldgos í Fagradalsfjalli. Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Jarðvísindastofnun. Háskóli Íslands. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  67. ↑ Eldgosið síðasta sólarhringinn – aukin sprengivirkni. Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben RúV. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021
  68. ↑ Eldskýstrßokar við eldstöðvarnar í gær. In: RÚV, 29 April 2021. 
  69. ↑ Icelandic volcano becomes more volatile and powerful. In: Euronews, 3 May 2021. Abgerufen im 6 May 2021. 
  70. 1 2 David Bressen: Volcanic Eruption Illuminates Reykjavik's Night Sky With Lava Fountains Up to 460 Meters High. In: Forbes. 10 May 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 22 May 2021. Abgerufen im 22 May 2021.
  71. ↑ Myndarlegir strókar standa upp af gosinu. In: RÚV, 5 May 2021. Abgerufen im 6 May 2021. 
  72. ↑ Gígurinn þeytir kviku 300 metra upp í loft. In: RÚV, 2 May 2021. Abgerufen im 6 May 2021. 
  73. ↑ Sigurður Steinþórsson: Hvaðan kemur vatnið sem veldur sprengingum í gígnum í Geldingadölum?. In: Vísindavefurinn. 24 June 2021.
  74. ↑ Esther Hallsdóttir: Eldgamalt vatn veldur sprengingunum. In: mbl.is, 24 June 2021. 
  75. ↑ Eldgosið tveggja mánaða og tvöfalt stærra en í upphafi. In: RUV.is, 19 May 2021. Abgerufen im 22 May 2021. 
  76. ↑ Guðrún Hálfdánardóttir: Breytingar á óróavirkni gossins. In: mbl.is, 4 June 2021. Abgerufen im 5 June 2021. 
  77. ↑ https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/05/11/different-eruption-than-we-are-used-to Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben "Different eruption than we are used to" RúV (English language pages). 11 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021
  78. ↑ Vala Hafstað: Long-Lasting Shield Volcano Eruption? Magma from Mantle. In: Iceland Monitor, 23 March 2021. 
  79. ↑ https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/05/11/stor-kutur-fullur-af-kviku-undir-gosinu Bitte entweder wayback- oder webciteID- oder archive-is- oder archiv-url-Parameter angeben Stór kútur fullur af kviku undir gosinu. RÚV. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021. See also the [data from University of Iceland (data from 10 May 2021, retrieved 13 May 2021]) http://jardvis.hi.is/eldgos_i_fagradalsfjalli}}
  80. ↑ Þorsteinn Ásgrímsson: Leggja lokahönd á fyrri varnargarðinn. In: mbl.is, 15 May 2021. 
  81. ↑ Lilja Hrund Ava Lúðvíksdóttir: Komi ekki á óvart að hraun renni yfir varnargarðinn. In: mbl.is, 22 May 2021. 
  82. ↑ Bjarni Rúnarsson: Logandi hraunflaumurinn rennur niður í Nátthaga. In: RUV.is, 22 May 2021. 
  83. ↑ RÚV: Lava tops barriers as small earthquake draws attention. 25 May 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 25 May 2021. Abgerufen im 18 Jun 2021.
  84. ↑ Kristín Ólafsdóttir: Hraunspýja rauf vestari varnargarðinn. In: Vísir, 5 June 2021. 
  85. ↑ Elísabet Inga Sigurðardóttir: Hraun komið yfir gönguleiðina upp á útsýnishólinn. In: Vísir, 4 June 2021. Abgerufen im 16 June 2021. 
  86. ↑ Hætta á að hraun flæði yfir á fleiri stöðum. In: RÚV. 13 June 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 14 June 2021. Abgerufen im 16 June 2021.
  87. ↑ Reyna að stýra leið hraunflæðis. In: mbl.is, 16 June 2021. 
  88. ↑ Árni Sæberg: Varnargarður rís í Nátthaga. In: Vísir, 25 June 2021. 
  89. ↑ Hraunið nái að Suðurstrandarvegi á næstu vikum. In: mbl.is, 25 June 2021. 
  90. ↑ Almannavarnir munu ekki leggja hraunbrú. In: mbl.is, 1 July 2021. 
  91. ↑ Alexander Elliott: Nine football pitches of lava per day. In: RÚV. 15. Juni 2021. Archiviert vom Original am 15 June 2021. Abgerufen am 19. Juni 2021.
  92. ↑ Mun stærra en í upphafi. In: mbl.is, 18 June 2021. Abgerufen im 19 June 2021. 
  93. ↑ Hraunið orðið hundrað metrar að þykkt. In: RÚV, 9 June 2021. Abgerufen im 16 June 2021. 
  94. ↑ Allar mælingar benda til að hraunflæðið sé svipað. In: RÚV, 10 June 2021. Abgerufen im 16 June 2021. 
  95. ↑ Strókavirkni jókst í eldgosinu í nótt. In: RÚV, 11 June 2021. Abgerufen im 16 June 2021. 
  96. ↑ Guðni Einarsson: Gígurinn fylgir ekki flæðinu. In: mbl.is, 6 July 2021. 
  97. ↑ Jonathan Amos: Iceland's spectacular volcano tracked from space. In: BBC, 7 July 2021. 
  98. ↑ Valur Grettisson: RVK Newscast #115: The Odd Rhythm Of The Volcano & A Helicopter Dispute. In: Reykjavic Grapevine. 8 July 2021.
  99. ↑ Kristján Már Unnarsson: Gosið í dvala í sólarhring í lengsta hléi frá upphafi. In: Vísir, 6 July 2021. 
  100. ↑ Did Part of Crater Rim Collapse?. In: Iceland Monitor, 30 June 2021. 
  101. ↑ Brittnee Kiner: Volcano Revives Itself After Fears Of Eruption Ending. In: Reykjavic Grapevine. July 1, 2021.
  102. ↑ Ljóst að gosinu er ekki lokið. In: mbl.is, 29 June 2021. 
  103. ↑ Lítil sem engin virkni í eldgosinu. In: mbl.is, 1 July 2021. 
  104. ↑ Vésteinn Örn Pétursson: "Gerum allt eins ráð fyrir því að óróinn taki sig upp að nýju". In: Vísir, 4 July 2021. 
  105. ↑ Kristján Már Unnarsson: Hraunslettur í gígnum á ný eftir sextán stunda goshlé. In: Vísir, 4 July 2021. 
  106. ↑ Ennþá virkni í gosinu. In: mbl.is, 9 July 2021. 
  107. ↑ Kristján Már Unnarsson: Hraunslettur í gígnum á ný og óróinn rýkur upp. In: Vísir, 10 July 2021. 
  108. 1 2 Kristín Ólafsdóttir: Hraunið streymir niður í Meradali gegnum gat í gígnum. In: Vísir, 11 July 2021. 
  109. ↑ Markús Þ. Þórhallsson: Hraunstraumur rennur fagurlega niður í Meradali. In: RÚV, 13 July 2021. 
  110. ↑ Öflugur hraunfoss rennur úr gígnum niður í Meradali. In: RÚV, 10 July 2021. 
  111. ↑ Steinar Ingi Kolbeins: Hraun rennur taktfast niður í Meradali. In: mbl.is, 16 July 2021. 
  112. ↑ Mikið gengið á við gosstöðvarnar. In: mbl.is, 15 July 2021. 
  113. ↑ Dregur úr kvikumagninu segir Magnús Tumi - enginn órói. In: RÚV, 16 July 2021. 
  114. ↑ Gosóróinn farinn upp og gígurinn að fyllast. In: mbl.is, 16 July 2021. 
  115. 1 2 Karítas Ríkharðsdóttir: Gosóróinn dottinn niður á ný. In: mbl.is, 17 July 2021. 
  116. ↑ Hraunið rennur meira í austurátt og niður í Meradali. In: RÚV, 27 July 2021. 
  117. ↑ Tryggvi Páll Tryggvason: Gosið hafi mannast. In: Vísir, 27 August 2021. 
  118. ↑ Kristján Már Unnarsson: Eldgosið í Fagradalsfjalli orðið stærra en meðalgos á svæðinu. In: Vísir, 8 July 2021. 
  119. ↑ Jakob Bjarnar: Gosið hrekkjótt og lætur vísindamenn hafa fyrir sér. In: Vísir, 29 July 2021. 
  120. ↑ Fagradalsfjall 10 August 2021. In: University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences.
  121. ↑ Óttar Kolbeinsson Proppé: Hraun rennur aftur í Nátthaga en langt í Suðurstrandarveg. In: Vísir, 21 August 2021. 
  122. ↑ Augnakonfekt í Nátthaga. In: RÚV, 27 August 2021. 
  123. ↑ Magnús H. Jónasson: Nýjar sprungur á Gónhóli. In: Fréttablaðið, 21 August 2021. 
  124. ↑ Lengsta goshlé frá upphafi. In: mbl.is, 10 September 2021. 
  125. ↑ Kvikan brýtur sér leið upp á yfirborðið. In: mbl.is, 11 September 2021. 
  126. ↑ Gosrásin upp í gíginn hafði stíflast. In: mbl.is, 12 September 2021. 
  127. ↑ Gígbarmurinn rís hæst í 334 metra hæð. In: mbl.is, 14 September 2021. 
  128. ↑ Púlsavirkni í gígnum í fyrsta sinn síðan í apríl. In: mbl.is, 12 September 2021. 
  129. ↑ Alma Ómarsdóttir: Hraðari púlsavirkni: Gýs átta sinnum á klukkustund. In: RÚV, 14 September 2021. 
  130. ↑ Tryggvi Páll Tryggvason, Lillý Valgerður Pétursdóttir: Varð vitni að því þegar allt fór af stað: „Byrjar að flæða alveg ótrúlegt magn“. In: Vísir, 15 September 2021. 
  131. ↑ Lillý Valgerður Pétursdóttir, Samúel Karl Ólason: Orðið lengsta gos aldarinnar: „Það má bara búast við öllu“. In: Vísir, 16 September 2021. 
  132. ↑ Hraunið nær nú yfir 4,8 ferkílómetra. In: mbl.is, 20 September 2021. 
  133. ↑ Óróinn minnkar óvenjulega hægt. In: mbl.is, 19 September 2021. 
  134. ↑ The Civil protection crisis level lowered from alert to uncertainty phase | News (en) In: Icelandic Meteorological office. Abgerufen am 19. Oktober 2021.
  135. ↑ Reykjanes eruption in Iceland continues at steady pace, might go on for weeks. In: Volcano Discovery. Archiviert vom Original am 24 May 2021. Abgerufen im 24 May 2021.
  136. ↑ Snorri Másson: Mannvistarleifar glötuðust ekki. In: mbl.is, 21 March 2021. Abgerufen im 24 May 2021. 
  137. ↑ Mt Fagradalsfjall. In: Visit Reykjanes. Archiviert vom Original am 1 March 2021. Abgerufen im 20 March 2021.
  138. ↑ Bill Yenne: Hit the Target: Eight men who led the Eighth Air Force to victory over the Luftwaffe. Penguin Group, 2015, ISBN 9780698155015, S. 184. Archiviert vom Original am 9 April 2021 (Abgerufen am 20 March 2021).
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