Dschamal ad-Din al-Afghani

Muhammad ibn Safdar al-Husaini (arabisch محمد بن صفدر الحسيني, DMG Muḥammad b. Ṣafdar al-Ḥusainī; geboren 1838 in Kunar, Afghanistan; gestorben 1897 in Istanbul, Osmanisches Reich), bekannt als Sayyed Dschamal ad-Din Asadabadi oder Dschamal ad-Din al-Afghani bzw. international Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, war ein iranischer oder afghanischer Rechtsgelehrter und islamischer Reformer.

Er war der Gründer der „islamischen Moderne“, ein politischer Aktivist und islamischer Theoretiker in Afghanistan, Iran, Ägypten, Indien und im Osmanischen Reich des 19. Jahrhunderts. Er gilt u. a. als Vordenker des Panislamismus und Antikolonialismus, als liberaler Reformtheologe und Modernist, aber auch als einer der geistigen Begründer des Politischen Islams und der Salafismus-Bewegung des späten 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, die eine Rückbesinnung auf einen „unverfälschten“ Islam forderte.

↑ Im persischen Sprachgebrauch wird sein Name mit seiner wahrscheinlichen iranischen Geburtsstadt Asad-Ābād in der Provinz Hamadān in Verbindung gebracht (vgl. Encyclopædia Iranica). Außerdem weist der Namenszusatz Sayyid auf seine iranisch-schiitische Abstammung hin.
↑ Nikki R. Keddie, Ibrahim Kalin: "Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn". Hrsg.: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8: „Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī [...] Two competing theories have been proposed about Afghānī’s place of birth; questions regarding his nationality and sect have become a source of long-standing controversy. Those who claim that he was Persian and Shīʿī argue that he was born in Hemedan, Iran. Nikki Keddie writes: "both the British Foreign Office and the US Department of State at different times launched independent investigations to determine the question of Afghani's birthplace, and both decided unequivocally that he was Iranian.". There is little evidence to prove this claim, other than the fact that Afghānī’s father spent some time in Iran and that Afghānī was well-versed in traditional Islamic philosophy. The other theory holds that he was born in a village called Asadābād in eastern Afghanistan in a province name Konar which is about 200 km from Kabul, Afghanistan“
↑ I. GOLDZIHER-[J. JOMIER], "DJAMAL AL-DIN AL-AFGHANI". Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 2nd ed., 1991, Vol. 2. S. 417. Quote: "DJAMAL AL-DlN AL-AFGHANl, AL-SAYYID MUHAMMAD B. SAFDAR [...] According to his own account he was born at As`adabad near Konar, to the east and in the district of Kabul (Afghanistan) in 1254/1838-9 to a family of the Hanafi school. However, Shi'i writings give his place of birth as Asadabad near Hamadan in Persia; this version claims that he pretended to be of Afghan nationality, in order to escape the despotic power of Persia."
↑ Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Jewish Virtual Library
↑ Pankaj Mishra: Aus den Ruinen des Empires. Die Revolte gegen den Westen und der Wiederaufstieg Asiens, S. 150.

[1] Im persischen Sprachgebrauch wird sein Name mit seiner wahrscheinlichen iranischen Geburtsstadt Asad-Ābād in der Provinz Hamadān in Verbindung gebracht (vgl. Encyclopædia Iranica). Außerdem weist der Namenszusatz Sayyid auf seine iranisch-schiitische Abstammung hin.

[2] Nikki R. Keddie, Ibrahim Kalin: "Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn". Hrsg.: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8: „Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī [...] Two competing theories have been proposed about Afghānī’s place of birth; questions regarding his nationality and sect have become a source of long-standing controversy. Those who claim that he was Persian and Shīʿī argue that he was born in Hemedan, Iran. Nikki Keddie writes: "both the British Foreign Office and the US Department of State at different times launched independent investigations to determine the question of Afghani's birthplace, and both decided unequivocally that he was Iranian.". There is little evidence to prove this claim, other than the fact that Afghānī’s father spent some time in Iran and that Afghānī was well-versed in traditional Islamic philosophy. The other theory holds that he was born in a village called Asadābād in eastern Afghanistan in a province name Konar which is about 200 km from Kabul, Afghanistan“

[EI2-3] I. GOLDZIHER-[J. JOMIER], "DJAMAL AL-DIN AL-AFGHANI". Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 2nd ed., 1991, Vol. 2. S. 417. Quote: "DJAMAL AL-DlN AL-AFGHANl, AL-SAYYID MUHAMMAD B. SAFDAR [...] According to his own account he was born at As`adabad near Konar, to the east and in the district of Kabul (Afghanistan) in 1254/1838-9 to a family of the Hanafi school. However, Shi'i writings give his place of birth as Asadabad near Hamadan in Persia; this version claims that he pretended to be of Afghan nationality, in order to escape the despotic power of Persia."

[PROFILE-4] Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Jewish Virtual Library

[5] Pankaj Mishra: Aus den Ruinen des Empires. Die Revolte gegen den Westen und der Wiederaufstieg Asiens, S. 150.