Oxygen-16

Oxygen-16, ¹⁶O
General
Symbol	16O
Names	oxygen-16, 16O, O-16
Protons (Z)	8
Neutrons (N)	8
Nuclide data
Natural abundance	99.76%
Half-life (t1/2)	stable
Isotope mass	15.99491461956 Da
Spin	0
Excess energy	−4737.00135(16)[1] keV
	Isotopes of oxygen ; Complete table of nuclides

Oxygen-16 (symbol: ¹⁶O or ¹⁶
₈O
) is a nuclide. It is a stable isotope of oxygen, with 8 neutrons and 8 protons in its nucleus, and when not ionized, 8 electrons orbiting the nucleus. Oxygen-16 has a mass of 15.99491461956 u. It is the most abundant isotope of oxygen and accounts for 99.762% of oxygen's natural abundance.[2]

The relative and absolute abundances of oxygen-16 are high because it is a principal product of stellar evolution and because it is a primordial isotope, meaning it can be made by stars that were initially made exclusively of hydrogen.

Most oxygen-16 is synthesized at the end of the helium fusion process in stars; the triple-alpha process creates carbon-12, which captures an additional helium-4 to make oxygen-16. The neon-burning process also makes it.

Oxygen-16 is doubly magic.

Solid samples (organic and inorganic) for oxygen-16 studies are usually stored in silver cups and measured with pyrolysis and mass spectrometry.[3] Researchers need to avoid improper or prolonged storage of the samples for accurate measurements.[3]

Originally, one atomic mass unit was defined as one sixteenth of the mass of oxygen-16, but the atomic mass unit has since been redefined as one twelfth of the mass of carbon-12.

References

Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003–8. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
"Table of Isotopic Masses and Natural Abundances" (PDF). 1999.
Tsang, Man-Yin; Yao, Weiqi; Tse, Kevin (2020). Kim, Il-Nam (ed.). "Oxidized silver cups can skew oxygen isotope results of small samples". Experimental Results. 1: e12. doi:10.1017/exp.2020.15. ISSN 2516-712X.

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[AME2016_II-1] Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003–8. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.

[2] "Table of Isotopic Masses and Natural Abundances" (PDF). 1999.

[:0-3] Tsang, Man-Yin; Yao, Weiqi; Tse, Kevin (2020). Kim, Il-Nam (ed.). "Oxidized silver cups can skew oxygen isotope results of small samples". Experimental Results. 1: e12. doi:10.1017/exp.2020.15. ISSN 2516-712X.