Povarov reaction

The Povarov reaction is an organic reaction described as a formal cycloaddition between an aromatic imine and an alkene. The imine in this organic reaction is a condensation reaction product from an aniline type compound and a benzaldehyde type compound.[1][2][3] The alkene must be electron rich which means that functional groups attached to the alkene must be able to donate electrons. Such alkenes are enol ethers and enamines. The reaction product in the original Povarov reaction is a quinoline. Because the reactions can be carried out with the three components premixed in one reactor it is an example of a multi-component reaction.

Reaction mechanism

The reaction mechanism for the Povarov reaction to the quinoline is outlined in Scheme 1. In step one aniline and benzaldehyde react to the Schiff base in a condensation reaction. The Povarov reaction requires a Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride to activate the imine for an electrophilic addition of the activated alkene. This reaction step forms an oxonium ion which then reacts with the aromatic ring in a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution. Two additional elimination reactions create the quinoline ring structure.

The reaction is also classified as a subset of aza Diels-Alder reactions;[4] however, it occurs by a step-wise rather than concerted mechanism.

Examples

The reaction depicted in Scheme 2 illustrates the Povarov reaction with an imine and an enamine in the presence of yttrium triflate as the lewis acid.[5] This reaction is regioselective because the iminium ion preferentially attacks the nitro ortho position and not the para position. The nitro group is a meta directing substituent but since this position is blocked, the most electron rich ring position is now ortho and not para. The reaction is also stereoselective because the enamine addition occurs with a diastereomeric preference for trans addition without formation of the cis isomer. This is in contrast to traditional Diels–Alder reactions, which are stereospecific based on the alkene geometry.

In 2013, Doyle and coworkers reported a Povarov-type, formal [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction between donor-acceptor cyclopropenes and imines (Scheme 3). In the first step, a dirhodium catalyst effects diazo decomposition from silyl enol ether diazo compound to yield a donor/acceptor cyclopropene. The donor/acceptor cyclopropene is then reacted with an aryl imine under scandium(III) triflate catalyzed conditions to yield cyclopropane-fused tetrahydroquinolines in good yields and diastereoselectivities. Treatment of these compounds with TBAF invokes a ring-expansion that provides the corresponding benzazepines.[6]

Variations

One variation of the Povarov reaction is a four component reaction.[7] Whereas in the traditional Povarov reaction the intermediate carbocation gives an intramolecular reaction with the aryl group, this intermediate can also be terminated by an additional nucleophile such as an alcohol. Scheme 4 depicts this 4 component reaction with the ethyl ester of glyoxylic acid, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, aniline and ethanol with lewis acid scandium(III) triflate and molecular sieves.

References
  1. Povarov, L. S.; Mikhailov, B. M. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSR, Ser. Khim. 1963, 953–956.
  2. Povarov, L. S.; Grigos, V. I.; Mikhailov, B. M. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSR, Ser. Khim. 1963, 2039–2041.
  3. Povarov, L. S. (1967). "αβ-UNSATURATED ETHERS AND THEIR ANALOGUES IN REACTIONS OF DIENE SYNTHESIS". Russian Chemical Reviews. 36 (9): 656. Bibcode:1967RuCRv..36..656P. doi:10.1070/rc1967v036n09abeh001680. S2CID 250825235.
  4. Recent synthetic developments in a powerful imino Diels–Alder reaction (Povarov reaction): application to the synthesis of N-polyheterocycles and related alkaloids Vladimir V. Kouznetsov Tetrahedron 65 (2009) 2721–2750 doi:10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.059
  5. Unprecedented regio and stereocontrol in Povarov reaction of benzylidene-(3-nitrophenyl)amine Paul J. Stevenson and Isla Graham Arkivoc AM-717D 2003. (Article)
  6. Truong, Phong M.; Mandler, Michael D.; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Doyle, Michael P. (2013-07-05). "Tetrahydroquinolines and Benzazepines through Catalytic Diastereoselective Formal [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition Reactions between Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropenes and Imines". Organic Letters. 15 (13): 3278–3281. doi:10.1021/ol401308d. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 23777207.
  7. Straightforward Access to a Structurally Diverse Set of Oxacyclic Scaffolds through a Four-Component Reaction Oscar Jiménez, Guillermo de la Rosa, Rodolfo Lavilla Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 44, Issue 40 , Pages 6521 - 6525 2005 Abstract

See also
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