Sigma non-innocence

Sigma non-innocence is a special form of non-innocence, an oxidation characteristic in metal complexes. It is mainly discussed in coordination complexes of late transition metals in their high formal oxidation states. Complexes exhibiting sigma non-innocence differ from classical Werner coordination complexes in that their bonding and antibonding orbitals have an inverted distribution of metal and ligand character (c.f. inverted ligand field). The oxidation of the ligand and a lowered charge at the metal center renders the assignment of the oxidation state non-trivial.

Sigma non-innocence in copper complexes

Sigma non-innocence has been extensively discussed for the prototypical example of a copper complex [Cu(CF3)4]-[2] in conjunction with the concept of an inverted ligand field.[3] In 1995, Snyder suggested, based on his quantum chemical calculations, that this formal Cu(III) (d8) complex would be more appropriately represented as a Cu(I) (d10) complex.[1] Snyder pointed out that the frontier molecular orbitals of [Cu(CF3)4]- are dominated by ligand parentage due to the higher-lying ligand orbitals compared to the metal orbitals, and this inversion of the ligand field causes the dx2‑y2 orbital to be occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) to be ligand centered.

Later, Lancaster et al. experimentally validated this inverted ligand field electronic structure of [Cu(CF3)4]- using core spectroscopy techniques.[4] Their findings revealed that the 3d orbitals are nearly fully occupied, supporting the formulation of this ion as a Cu(I) species. The assignment of what would be typically called a Cu(III) species as Cu(I) indicates the sigma non-innocence of the perfluoromethyl ligands in the complex.

The researchers also examined the electronic structure of other formally Cu(III) complexes using Cu L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy together with computational techniques.[5] They reported that all the Cu(III) species they studied except CuF63– have significantly diminished metal d-character in their LUMOs compared to the formal d8 assignment. This implies that ligand field inversion and sigma non-innocence are not unique to [Cu(CF3)4]- but is general in many systems.

Sigma non-innocence in nickel complexes

Klein et al. computationally analyzed the electronic structure of a high valent Nickel complex "1".[7] This complex was previously reported to readily undergo aryl-CF3 bond-forming reductive elimination.[6]

Klein et al. reported that this formally Ni(IV) complex is best described as Ni approaching the +II oxidation state. They used intrinsic bond orbital method to analyze the bonding of the complex and identified that the bond between CAr and Ni is polarized to Ni with the partial charge on Ni (0.988) larger than the one on CAr (0.973). They attributed the +II oxidation state of Ni to the oxidation of the aryl ligand due to sigma non-innocence.

Based on calculations, they also asserted that the formal reductive elimination from this complex is essentially redox neutral, with the Ni center retaining its Ni(II) state throughout the C-C bond-forming event. They interpreted the bond-formation mechanism as the nucleophilic CF3 group attacking the electrophilic aryl group.

References
  1. Snyder, James P. (1995-01-16). "Elusiveness of CuIII Complexation; Preference for Trifluoromethyl Oxidation in the Formation of[CuI(CF3)4]− Salts". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 34 (1): 80–81. doi:10.1002/anie.199500801. ISSN 0570-0833.
  2. Naumann, Dieter; Roy, Thomas; Tebbe, Karl-Friedrich; Crump, Wolfgang (October 1993). "Synthesis and Structure of Surprisingly Stable Tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)cuprate(III) Salts". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 32 (10): 1482–1483. doi:10.1002/anie.199314821. ISSN 0570-0833.
  3. Hoffmann, Roald; Alvarez, Santiago; Mealli, Carlo; Falceto, Andrés; Cahill, Thomas J.; Zeng, Tao; Manca, Gabriele (2016-07-27). "From Widely Accepted Concepts in Coordination Chemistry to Inverted Ligand Fields". Chemical Reviews. 116 (14): 8173–8192. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00251. ISSN 0009-2665.
  4. Walroth, Richard C.; Lukens, James T.; MacMillan, Samantha N.; Finkelstein, Kenneth D.; Lancaster, Kyle M. (2016-02-17). "Spectroscopic Evidence for a 3d 10 Ground State Electronic Configuration and Ligand Field Inversion in [Cu(CF 3 ) 4 ] 1–". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (6): 1922–1931. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b10819. ISSN 0002-7863.
  5. DiMucci, Ida M.; Lukens, James T.; Chatterjee, Sudipta; Carsch, Kurtis M.; Titus, Charles J.; Lee, Sang Jun; Nordlund, Dennis; Betley, Theodore A.; MacMillan, Samantha N.; Lancaster, Kyle M. (2019-11-20). "The Myth of d 8 Copper(III)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (46): 18508–18520. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b09016. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 7256958. PMID 31710466.
  6. Bour, James R.; Camasso, Nicole M.; Sanford, Melanie S. (2015-07-01). "Oxidation of Ni(II) to Ni(IV) with Aryl Electrophiles Enables Ni-Mediated Aryl–CF 3 Coupling". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (25): 8034–8037. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b04892. ISSN 0002-7863.
  7. Steen, Jelte S.; Knizia, Gerald; Klein, Johannes E. M. N. (2019-09-09). "σ‐non-innocence: Masked Phenyl‐Cation Transfer at Formal Ni IV". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 58 (37): 13133–13139. doi:10.1002/anie.201906658. ISSN 1433-7851. PMC 6771483. PMID 31206937.
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