Surface chemistry of paper

Surface modification makes paper hydrophobic and oleophilic.[7] This combination allows ink oil to penetrate the paper, but prevents dampening water absorption, which increases papers printability.

Three different plasma-solid interactions are used: etching/ablation, plasma activation, and plasma coating.[7] Etching or ablation is when material is removed from the surface of the solid. Plasma activation is where species in the plasma like ions, electrons, or radicals are used to chemically or physically modify the surface. Lastly, plasma coating is where material is coated to the surface in the form of a thin film. Plasma coating can be used to add hydrocarbons to surfaces which can make a surface non-polar or hydrophobic. The specific type of plasma coating used to add hydrocarbons is called plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process or PCVD.[7]

An ideal hydrophobic surface would have a contact angle of 180 degrees to water. This means that the hydrocarbons lie flat against the surface creating a thin layer and preventing dampening water absorption. However, in practice it is fine or even preferred to have a low level of dampening water absorption because of a phenomenon that occurs when water settles at the surface of paper.[7] This phenomenon is when ink is unable to transfer to the paper because of the water layer at the surface. The contact angle value for hydrocarbons on a rough pigment-coated paper can be found to be approximately 110° through a contact angle meter.

The Young's equation can be used to calculate the surface energy of a liquid on paper. Young's equation is:

${\displaystyle \gamma _{\mathrm {SL} }+\gamma _{\mathrm {LG} }\cos {\theta _{\mathrm {c} }}=\gamma _{\mathrm {SG} }\,}$

where ${\displaystyle \gamma _{\mathrm {SL} }}$ is the interfacial tension between the solid and the liquid, ${\displaystyle \gamma _{\mathrm {LG} }}$ is the interfacial tension between the liquid and the vapor, and ${\displaystyle \gamma _{\mathrm {SG} }}$ is the interfacial tension between the solid and the vapor.

An ideal oleophilic surface would have a contact angle of 0° with oil, therefore allowing the ink to transfer to the paper and be absorbed. The hydrocarbon plasma coating provides an oleophilic surface to the paper by lowering the contact angle of the paper with the oil in the ink. The hydrocarbon plasma coating increases the non-polar interactions while decreasing polar interactions which allow paper to absorb ink while preventing dampening water absorption.[7]

Co-styrene-maleic anhydride and co-styrene acrylate are common binders associated with a cationic starch pigment in Inkjet printing paper.[8] Table 1 shows their surface tension under given conditions.

There have been several studies that have focused on how the paper printing quality is dependent on the concentration of these binders and ink pigment. Data from the experiments are congruent and stated in Table 2 as the corrected contact angle of water,[9] the corrected contact angle of black ink,[8] and the total surface energy.[10]

The contact angle measurement has proven to be a very useful tool to evaluate the influence of the sizing formulation on the printing properties. Surface free energy has also shown to be very valuable in explaining the differences in sample behavior.[8]

Various composite coatings were analyzed on filter paper in an experiment done by Wang et al.[11] The ability to separate homogenous liquid solutions based on varying surface tensions has great practical use. Creating superhydrophobic and superoleophilic filter paper was achieved by treating the surface of commercially available filter paper with hydrophobic silica nanoparticles and polystyrene solution in toluene.[11] Oil and water were successfully separated through the use of the filter paper created with an efficiency greater than 96%. In a homogenous solution the filter paper was also successful in separating the liquids through differentiating for surface tensions. Although with a lower efficiency, aqueous ethanol was also extracted from the solution when tested on the filter paper.[11]