Tactoid

Tactoids are liquid crystal microdomains nucleated in isotropic phases, which can be distinguished as spherical or spindle-shaped birefringent microdroplets under polarized light microscopy. Tactoids are a transition state between isotropic and macroscopic liquid crystalline phases. The first observation of tactoids was made by Zocher in 1925, when he studied the nematic phase formed in vanadium pentoxide sols.[1] After that, tactoids have been found in the phase transition processes in many lyotropic liquid crystalline substances, such as tobacco mosaic virus,[2] polypeptides,[3] and cellulose nanocrystals.[4]

In biology

It has been shown that filamin causes actin to condense into tactoids.[5] The filamentous phage Pf4 generates a tactoid shell around host P. aeruginosa cells that confer antibiotic resistance.[6]

References
  1. Zocher, H. (1925). "Über freiwillige Strukturbildung in Solen. (Eine neue Art anisotrop flüssiger Medien)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 147: 91–110. doi:10.1002/zaac.19251470111.
  2. Bawden, F. C.; Pirie, N. W.; Bernal, J. D.; Fankuchen, I. (1936). "Liquid crystalline substances from virus-infected plants". Nature. 138 (3503): 1051. Bibcode:1936Natur.138.1051B. doi:10.1038/1381051a0.
  3. Robinson, Conmar (1956). "Liquid-crystalline structures in solutions of a polypeptide". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 52: 571. doi:10.1039/TF9565200571.
  4. Revol, J.-F.; Bradford, H.; Giasson, J.; Marchessault, R.H.; Gray, D.G. (1992). "Helicoidal self-ordering of cellulose microfibrils in aqueous suspension". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 14 (3): 170–172. doi:10.1016/S0141-8130(05)80008-X. PMID 1390450.
  5. Weirich, Kimberly L.; Banerjee, Shiladitya; Dasbiswas, Kinjal; Witten, Thomas A.; Vaikuntanathan, Suriyanarayanan; Gardel, Margaret L. (2017-02-28). "Liquid behavior of cross-linked actin bundles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (9): 2131–2136. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.2131W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1616133114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5338483. PMID 28202730.
  6. Secor, Patrick R.; Sweere, Johanna M.; Michaels, Lia A.; Malkovskiy, Andrey V.; Lazzareschi, Daniel; Katznelson, Ethan; Rajadas, Jayakumar; Birnbaum, Michael E.; Arrigoni, Allison; Braun, Kathleen R.; Evanko, Stephen P.; Stevens, David A.; Kaminsky, Werner; Singh, Pradeep K.; Parks, William C.; Bollyky, Paul L. (2015). "Filamentous Bacteriophage Promote Biofilm Assembly and Function". Cell Host & Microbe. 18 (5): 549–559. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.10.013. PMC 4653043. PMID 26567508.


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