1-Phosphaallenes

The Phospha-Wittig-Horner reaction, first reported by Mathey et al. in 1992, was initially developed as a synthetic route to convert aldehydes and ketones into C-mono and C,C-disubstituted phosphaalkenes, respectively.[10][11] This method was then adapted to rapidly synthesize phosphaallenes by reacting phosphaketenes with an organolithium base, such as lithium diisopropylamide or t-BuOLi.[4][10][12]

Like the transition from an alkyne to an allene in organic chemistry, phosphaallenes can be synthesized from alkynylphosphines by adding a strong base such as n-butyllithium (n-BuLi). These complexes are typically useful due to the broad range of stable products that can be obtained from this synthetic route.[3][4][13]

Multiple stable phosphaallenes have been synthesized from LiC≡CR and ArP(H)Cl (R = Ph, t-Bu, Me, CH₂OSiMe₃). The basicity of the lithium complex is essential to the success of these reactions.[4]

The dehydrochlorination of 1-chlorovinylphosphine by DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) yields a variety of results, depending on the structure of the initial chlorovinylphosphine. Many of these reactions require temperatures between -90 °C and 0 °C to ensure a stable product is formed. As many of these reactions are warmed, oligomerization of the phosphaallene occurs. Other reactions following this synthetic route occur with gas phase reagents at 250 °C.[4][14]

In this synthetic route, a dichlorocarbene is first reacted with a phosphaethylene. The addition of t-BuLi to the resulting 2,2-dichlorophosphirane yields the phosphaallene. This route includes an insertion of carbon into the P=C bond of a phosphaalkene.[4][15]

(Z)-2,5-dibromo-1-phosphapent-1-ene with the sterically cumbersome Mes^* moiety was reacted with t-BuOK to yield the cyclopropylidenephosphaethene product. Treatment of the (Z)-2,5-dibromo-1-phosphapent-1-ene reagent with a weaker base, EtONa yields a non-cyclic isomer that can undergo cyclization in the presence of t-BuOK.[8]

In 2019, a new synthetic route for the synthesis of phosphaallenes was reported by Klöcker and coworkers. The hydroalumination of dialkynylphosphines with different alkylaluminium hydrides resulted in the elimination of dialkylaluminium alkynides and the desired phosphaallenes. Many of the phosphaallenes Klöcker and coworkers synthesized spontaneously decomposed into less-desired products, but the newly reported synthetic method did allow for the isolation of some highly reactive compounds that had not been isolated previously.[9]

Without a large steric hindrance, most phosphaallenes quickly dimerize in a [2+2]- or [2+3]-cycloaddition to yield four- or five-membered rings.[16] Thus, in order to prevent dimerization, a bulky moiety such as Mes* is often used. Dimerization frequently occurs in a head-to-tail manner, exhibiting coupling between either the two C=C bonds or the two P=C bonds. The regioselectivity of these dimerization reactions depends on the substituents on the C in the 3 position.[3]

Nucleophilic alkoxide as well as n-BuLi will add to the P=C bond of a phosphaallene. As seen in the reaction scheme, the central C atom is the preferred location for proton attack due to the partial negative charge it possesses.[4][9][13][17][18][19]

The reaction of phosphaallenes with dichlorocarbenes results in a [2+1]-cycloaddition to the P=C double bond, which results in stable heterocyclic compounds.[4][20]

Phosphaallenes have also been investigated as reagents to form carbenes. Reacting the phosphaallene H₂P=C=PH with acetylene yields a carbene via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition.[21]

Phosphaallenes can coordinate in an ɳ¹ or ɳ² fashion depending on the metal and experimental conditions. Recent studies into the coordination behavior of the 3H-phosphaallene with tungsten (W) show that both stable and unstable phosphaallenes can bond to W through and ɳ¹-coordination mode via a P-W bond.[9][13] Due to the stabilizing effect of coordination, reacting transient phosphaallenes with W has become a common method to create stable phosphaallenes that can then be characterized. These studies have also demonstrated that 3H-phosphaallenes exhibit ɳ²-coordination to Pt via side-on overlap between Pt and the P=C double bond resulting in a three-membered PtPC heterocycle.[9][13][22]

Decomposition of the 3H-phosphaallene occurs at room-temperature to produce several products via P=C (head-to-tail) or C=C dimerization.[15] One decomposition pathway results in an unusual tricyclic phosphine which can be selectively formed by irradiating a solution of the phosphaallene, iBu₂AlH, and TripP(C≡CtBu)₂ in n-hexanes for 60h with a mercury vapor lamp. Under these conditions, the tricyclic phosphine was isolated in high yield and a purity of >95%.[16]

Recently, two novel 1-benzodihydrophosphetes were synthesized by heating 3H-phosphaallene Mes^*P=C=C(H)R (R = tBu, Ad) in toluene at 110 °C for 16-20h. The resulting 1- benzodihydrophosphetes were not stable unless coordinated to tungsten.[16] The phosphorus-bound H of the product can be used in catalyst-free hydrophosphination reactions and in the synthesis of bulky phosphine ligands.[19]

Hydroboration is used as a method to reduce unsaturated compounds, and has been used to reduce P-C double or triple bonds in phosphaalkenes and phosphaalkynes. Hydroboration of the 3H-phosphaallene Mes^*-P=C=C(H)-tBu with 1:1 molar ratio of phosphaallene to H₃B(SMe₂) yielded a di(phosphaalkenyl)borane, and the reaction in 2:1 molar ratio of phosphaallene to H₃B(SMe₂) yielded the desired product with a B atom bound to two P=C double bonds. The hydroboration of the C=C bond was preferred over the hydroboration of the P=C bond.[19]

Phosphaallenes are typically colorless or pale yellow in color, and are often crystalline in structure; however, few crystal structures have been reported for this class of compounds.[4] One compound, ArP=C=CPh2 (Ar =Mes^*) was synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound showed a relatively short P=C double bond length of 1.625(4)Å and a short C=C bond length of 1.1327(5)Å, which closely resembles the bond length in an allene.[23]

The crystal structure also showed a bent geometry with the P=C=C bond angle at 168.0(3)°.[23] This bent geometry is thought to be a result of both steric and electronic effects. One possible explanation for the observed bent geometry is the bonding model postulated by Lappert et al. which described the bonding between P and the C as singlet states that act in a double π-donor-acceptor fashion.[24][25][26][27]

The crystal structure of another 1-phosphaallene RP=C=CHR' (R= Mes*, R' = tBu) displays the same bent geometry with the P=C=C bond angle being reported as 170.7°. Further, this compound also contains a short P=C bond length (1.634Å) and a short C=C bond length (1.136Å).[9]

The electronic structure of 1-phosphaallene is nearly identical to that of phosphaalkene. The HOMO in both molecules is the π-orbital of the C=P bond, which is primarily P in character. The LUMO in both structures, is also heavily localized over the C=P bond. However, the dipole moment in phosphaallenes is larger than that of phosphaalkenes.[4]

In compounds with the antisymmetric form X=C=Y, IR stretching bands are observed in the 1600–2300 cm⁻¹ region. However, the IR spectra of 1-phosphaallenes do not contain bands in this region, which suggests that the phosphaallene P=C=C is relatively symmetric. In the phosphaallene H2C=C=PH, stretching frequencies are observed at 1788 and 789 cm⁻¹, which are attributed to the C=C bond and the C=P bond, respectively. In similar compounds containing a C=C=N skeleton, there is a very strong band present within the 1600 – 2300 cm⁻¹ region. The presence of two stretching frequencies rather than one strong frequency in the phosphaallene supports that the C=C and C=P bonds are nearly independent of one another electronically.[4]