Isotopes of dubnium

Isotopes of dubnium (₁₀₅Db)
SF33%	–
α41%	259Lr
ε3%	263mRf
ε	266Rf
ε	268Rf
α[5]	264Lr
α83%	266Lr

Dubnium (₁₀₅Db) is a synthetic element, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁶¹Db in 1968. Thirteen radioisotopes are known, ranging from ²⁵⁵Db to ²⁷⁰Db (except ²⁶⁴Db, ²⁶⁵Db, and ²⁶⁹Db), along with one isomer (^257mDb); two more isomers have been reported but are unconfirmed. The longest-lived known isotope is ²⁶⁸Db with a half-life of 16 hours.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3]	Half-life	Decay mode [n 4]	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity [n 5]
Nuclide [n 1]	Excitation energy[n 6]			Half-life	Decay mode [n 4]	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity [n 5]
²⁵⁵Db[7]	105	150	255.10707(45)#	37+51 −14 ms	α (~50%)	²⁵¹Lr
²⁵⁵Db[7]	105	150	255.10707(45)#	37+51 −14 ms	SF (~50%)	(various)
²⁵⁶Db[8]	105	151	256.10789(26)#	1.7(4) s [1.6+0.5 −0.3 s]	α (70%)	²⁵²Lr
					β⁺ (30%)	²⁵⁶Rf
					SF (rare)	(various)
²⁵⁷Db[9]	105	152	257.10758(22)#	2.32(16) s	α (>92%)	²⁵³Lr	(9/2+)
					SF (≤5%)	(various)
					β⁺ (<3%)	²⁵⁷Rf
^257mDb	140(110)# keV			0.67(7) s	α (>85%)	²⁵³Lr	(1/2−)
					SF (≤12%)	(various)
					β⁺ (<3%)	²⁵⁷Rf
²⁵⁸Db[10]	105	153	258.10929(33)#	2.17(36) s	α (64%)	²⁵⁴Lr	(0-)
²⁵⁸Db[10]	105	153	258.10929(33)#	2.17(36) s	β⁺ (36%)	²⁵⁸Rf	(0-)
^258mDb	51 keV			4.41(21) s	α (77%)	²⁵⁸Rf	(5+,10−)
^258mDb	51 keV			4.41(21) s	β⁺ (23%)	²⁵⁸Db	(5+,10−)
²⁵⁹Db	105	154	259.10949(6)	0.51(16) s	α	²⁵⁵Lr	9/2+#
²⁶⁰Db[11]	105	155	260.1113(1)#	1.52(13) s	α (90.4%)	²⁵⁶Lr
					SF (9.6%)	(various)
					β⁺ (<2.5%)	²⁶⁰Rf
^260mDb[12][n 7]	200(150)# keV			19+25 −7 s	α	²⁵⁶Lr
²⁶¹Db[13]	105	156	261.11192(12)#	4.1+1.4 −0.8 s	SF (73%)	(various)	9/2+#
²⁶¹Db[13]	105	156	261.11192(12)#	4.1+1.4 −0.8 s	α (27%)	²⁵⁷Lr	9/2+#
²⁶²Db[14]	105	157	262.11407(15)#	33.8+4.4 −3.5 s	SF(β⁺?) (52%)	(various)
²⁶²Db[14]	105	157	262.11407(15)#	33.8+4.4 −3.5 s	α (48%)	²⁵⁸Lr
²⁶³Db	105	158	263.11499(18)#	29(9) s [27+10 −7 s]	SF (~56%)	(various)
					α (~37%)	²⁵⁹Lr
					β⁺ (~6.9%)[n 8]	²⁶³Rf
²⁶⁶Db[n 9]	105	161	266.12103(30)#	11+21 −4 min[4]	SF	(various)
²⁶⁶Db[n 9]	105	161	266.12103(30)#	11+21 −4 min[4]	EC?	²⁶⁶Rf
²⁶⁷Db[n 10]	105	162	267.12247(44)#	1.4+1.0 −0.4 h[4]	SF	(various)
²⁶⁷Db[n 10]	105	162	267.12247(44)#	1.4+1.0 −0.4 h[4]	EC?[15]	²⁶⁷Rf
²⁶⁸Db[n 11]	105	163	268.12567(57)#	16+6 −4 h[5]	α (51%)[4]	²⁶⁴Lr
					SF (49%)	(various)
					EC?	²⁶⁸Rf
²⁷⁰Db[n 12]	105	165	270.13136(64)#	1.0+1.5 −0.4 h[6]	α (~83%)	²⁶⁶Lr
					SF (~17%)	(various)
					EC?[16]	²⁷⁰Rf
This table header & footer:

^mDb – Excited nuclear isomer.
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

SF: Spontaneous fission
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
Existence of this isomer is unconfirmed
Heaviest nuclide known to undergo β⁺ decay
Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁸²Nh
Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁸⁷Mc
Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁸⁸Mc
Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts

Nucleosynthesis history

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
²⁰⁵Tl	⁵⁴Cr	²⁵⁹Db	Successful reaction
²⁰⁸Pb	⁵¹V	²⁵⁹Db	Successful reaction
²⁰⁷Pb	⁵¹V	²⁵⁸Db	Successful reaction
²⁰⁹Bi	⁵⁰Ti	²⁵⁹Db	Successful reaction
²⁰⁹Bi	⁴⁹Ti	²⁵⁸Db	Successful reaction
²⁰⁹Bi	⁴⁸Ti	²⁵⁷Db	Successful reaction
²³²Th	³¹P	²⁶³Db	Successful reaction
²³⁸U	²⁷Al	²⁶⁵Db	Successful reaction
²³⁶U	²⁷Al	²⁶³Db	Successful reaction
²⁴⁴Pu	²³Na	²⁶⁷Db	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴³Am	²²Ne	²⁶⁵Db	Successful reaction
²⁴¹Am	²²Ne	²⁶³Db	Successful reaction
²⁴⁸Cm	¹⁹F	²⁶⁷Db	Successful reaction
²⁴⁹Bk	¹⁸O	²⁶⁷Db	Successful reaction
²⁴⁹Bk	¹⁶O	²⁶⁵Db	Successful reaction
²⁵⁰Cf	¹⁵N	²⁶⁵Db	Successful reaction
²⁴⁹Cf	¹⁵N	²⁶⁴Db	Successful reaction
²⁵⁴Es	¹³C	²⁶⁷Db	Failure to date

Cold fusion

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of dubnium by so-called "cold" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV, hence "cold"), leading to a higher probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of one or two neutrons only.

²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,xn)^259−xDb (x=1,2,3)

The first attempts to synthesise dubnium using cold fusion reactions were performed in 1976 by the team at FLNR, Dubna using the above reaction. They were able to detect a 5 s spontaneous fission (SF) activity which they assigned to ²⁵⁷Db. This assignment was later corrected to ²⁵⁸Db. In 1981, the team at GSI studied this reaction using the improved technique of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays. They were able to positively identify²⁵⁸Db, the product from the 1n neutron evaporation channel.[17] In 1983, the team at Dubna revisited the reaction using the method of identification of a descendant using chemical separation. They succeeded in measuring alpha decays from known descendants of the decay chain beginning with ²⁵⁸Db. This was taken as providing some evidence for the formation of dubnium nuclei. The team at GSI revisited the reaction in 1985 and were able to detect 10 atoms of ²⁵⁷Db.[18] After a significant upgrade of their facilities in 1993, in 2000 the team measured 120 decays of ²⁵⁷Db, 16 decays of ²⁵⁶Db and decay of²⁵⁸Db in the measurement of the 1n, 2n and 3n excitation functions. The data gathered for ²⁵⁷Db allowed a first spectroscopic study of this isotope and identified an isomer, ^257mDb, and a first determination of a decay level structure for ²⁵⁷Db.[19] The reaction was used in spectroscopic studies of isotopes of mendelevium and einsteinium in 2003–2004.[20]

²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁹Ti,xn)^258−xDb (x=2?)

This reaction was studied by Yuri Oganessian and the team at Dubna in 1983. They observed a 2.6 s SF activity tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁶Db. Later results suggest a possible reassignment to ²⁵⁶Rf, resulting from the ~30% EC branch in ²⁵⁶Db.

²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ti,xn)^257−xDb (x=1?,2)

This reaction was studied by Yuri Oganessian and the team at Dubna in 1983. They observed a 1.6 s activity with a ~80% alpha branch with a ~20% SF branch. The activity was tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁵Db. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁶Db. In 2005, the team at the University of Jyväskylä studied this reaction. They observed three atoms of ²⁵⁵Db with a cross section of 40 pb.[7]

²⁰⁸Pb(⁵¹V,xn)^259−xDb (x=1,2)

The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1976 and were again able to detect the 5 s SF activity, first tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Db and later to²⁵⁸Db. In 2006, the team at LBNL reinvestigated this reaction as part of their odd-Z projectile program. They were able to detect ²⁵⁸Db and ²⁵⁷Db in their measurement of the 1n and 2n neutron evaporation channels.[21]

²⁰⁷Pb(⁵¹V,xn)^258−xDb

The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1976 but this time they were unable to detect the 5 s SF activity, first tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Db and later to ²⁵⁸Db. Instead, they were able to measure a 1.5 s SF activity, tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁵Db.

²⁰⁵Tl(⁵⁴Cr,xn)^259−xDb (x=1?)

The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1976 and were again able to detect the 5 s SF activity, first tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Db and later to ²⁵⁸Db.

Hot fusion

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of dubnium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission and quasi-fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons.

²³²Th(³¹P,xn)^263−xDb (x=5)

There are very limited reports that this reaction using a phosphorus-31 beam was studied in 1989 by Andreyev et al. at the FLNR. One source suggests that no atoms were detected whilst a better source from the Russians themselves indicates that ²⁵⁸Db was synthesised in the 5n channel with a yield of 120 pb.

²³⁸U(²⁷Al,xn)^265−xDb (x=4,5)

In 2006, as part of their study of the use of uranium targets in superheavy element synthesis, the LBNL team led by Ken Gregorich studied the excitation functions for the 4n and 5n channels in this new reaction.[22]

²³⁶U(²⁷Al,xn)^263−xDb (x=5,6)

This reaction was first studied by Andreyev et al. at the FLNR, Dubna in 1992. They were able to observe ²⁵⁸Db and ²⁵⁷Db in the 5n and 6n exit channels with yields of 450 pb and 75 pb, respectively.[23]

²⁴³Am(²²Ne,xn)^265−xDb (x=5)

The first attempts to synthesis dubnium were performed in 1968 by the team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia. They observed two alpha lines which they tentatively assigned to ²⁶¹Db and ²⁶⁰Db. They repeated their experiment in 1970 looking for spontaneous fission. They found a 2.2 s SF activity which they assigned to ²⁶¹Db. In 1970, the Dubna team began work on using gradient thermochromatography in order to detect dubnium in chemical experiments as a volatile chloride. In their first run they detected a volatile SF activity with similar adsorption properties to NbCl₅ and unlike HfCl₄. This was taken to indicate the formation of nuclei of dvi-niobium as DbCl₅. In 1971, they repeated the chemistry experiment using higher sensitivity and observed alpha decays from an dvi-niobium component, taken to confirm the formation of ²⁶⁰105. The method was repeated in 1976 using the formation of bromides and obtained almost identical results, indicating the formation of a volatile, dvi-niobium-like DbBr₅.

²⁴¹Am(²²Ne,xn)^263−xDb (x=4,5)

In 2000, Chinese scientists at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Lanzhou, announced the discovery of the previously unknown isotope ²⁵⁹Db formed in the 4n neutron evaporation channel. They were also able to confirm the decay properties for ²⁵⁸Db.[24]

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁹F,xn)^267−xDb (x=4,5)

This reaction was first studied in 1999 at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in order to produce ²⁶²Db for chemical studies. Just 4 atoms were detected with a cross section of 260 pb.[25] Japanese scientists at JAERI studied the reaction further in 2002 and determined yields for the isotope ²⁶²Db during their efforts to study the aqueous chemistry of dubnium.[26]

²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁸O,xn)^267−xDb (x=4,5)

Following from the discovery of ²⁶⁰Db by Albert Ghiorso in 1970 at the University of California (UC), the same team continued in 1971 with the discovery of the new isotope ²⁶²Db. They also observed an unassigned 25 s SF activity, probably associated with the now-known SF branch of ²⁶³Db.[27] In 1990, a team led by Kratz at LBNL definitively discovered the new isotope ²⁶³Db in the 4n neutron evaporation channel.[28] This reaction has been used by the same team on several occasions in order to attempt to confirm an electron capture (EC) branch in ²⁶³Db leading to long-lived ²⁶³Rf (see rutherfordium).[29]

²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁶O,xn)^265−xDb (x=4)

Following from the discovery of ²⁶⁰Db by Albert Ghiorso in 1970 at the University of California (UC), the same team continued in 1971 with the discovery of the new isotope ²⁶¹Db.[27]

²⁵⁰Cf(¹⁵N,xn)^265−xDb (x=4)

Following from the discovery of ²⁶⁰Db by Ghiorso in 1970 at LBNL, the same team continued in 1971 with the discovery of the new isotope ²⁶¹Db.[27]

²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,xn)^264−xDb (x=4)

In 1970, the team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) studied this reaction and identified the isotope ²⁶⁰Db in their discovery experiment. They used the modern technique of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays to confirm their assignment.[30] In 1977, the team at Oak Ridge repeated the experiment and were able to confirm the discovery by the identification of K X-rays from the daughter lawrencium.[31]

²⁵⁴Es(¹³C,xn)^267−xDb

In 1988, scientists as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) used the asymmetric hot fusion reaction with an einsteinium-254 target to search for the new nuclides ²⁶⁴Db and ²⁶³Db. Due to the low sensitivity of the experiment caused by the small ²⁵⁴Es target, they were unable to detect any evaporation residues (ER).

Decay of heavier nuclides

Isotopes of dubnium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

Evaporation residue	Observed dubnium isotope
²⁹⁴Ts	²⁷⁰Db
²⁸⁸Mc	²⁶⁸Db
²⁸⁷Mc	²⁶⁷Db
²⁸⁶Mc, ²⁸²Nh	²⁶⁶Db
²⁶⁷Bh	²⁶³Db
²⁷⁸Nh, ²⁶⁶Bh	²⁶²Db
²⁶⁵Bh	²⁶¹Db
²⁷²Rg	²⁶⁰Db
²⁶⁶Mt, ²⁶²Bh	²⁵⁸Db
²⁶¹Bh	²⁵⁷Db
²⁶⁰Bh	²⁵⁶Db

Chronology of isotope discovery

Isotope	Year discovered	discovery reaction
²⁵⁵Db	2005	²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ti,2n)
²⁵⁶Db	1983?, 2000	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,3n)
²⁵⁷Db^g	1985	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵⁷Db^m	1985	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵⁸Db	1976?, 1981	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,n)
²⁵⁹Db	2001	²⁴¹Am(²²Ne,4n)
²⁶⁰Db	1970	²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,4n)
²⁶¹Db	1971	²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁶O,4n)
²⁶²Db	1971	²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁸O,5n)
²⁶³Db	1971?, 1990	²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁸O,4n)
²⁶⁴Db	unknown
²⁶⁵Db	unknown
²⁶⁶Db	2006	²³⁷Np(⁴⁸Ca,3n)
²⁶⁷Db	2003	²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,4n)
²⁶⁸Db	2003	²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,3n)
²⁶⁹Db	unknown
²⁷⁰Db	2009	²⁴⁹Bk(⁴⁸Ca,3n)

Isomerism

²⁶⁰Db

Recent data on the decay of ²⁷²Rg has revealed that some decay chains continue through ²⁶⁰Db with extraordinary longer life-times than expected. These decays have been linked to an isomeric level decaying by alpha decay with a half-life of ~19 s. Further research is required to allow a definite assignment.

²⁵⁸Db

Evidence for an isomeric state in ²⁵⁸Db has been gathered from the study of the decay of ²⁶⁶Mt and ²⁶²Bh. It has been noted that those decays assigned to an electron capture (EC) branch has a significantly different half-life to those decaying by alpha emission. This has been taken to suggest the existence of an isomeric state decaying by EC with a half-life of ~20 s. Further experiments are required to confirm this assignment.

²⁵⁷Db

A study of the formation and decay of ²⁵⁷Db has proved the existence of an isomeric state. Initially, ²⁵⁷Db was taken to decay by alpha emission with energies 9.16, 9.07 and 8.97 MeV. A measurement of the correlations of these decays with those of ²⁵³Lr have shown that the 9.16 MeV decay belongs to a separate isomer. Analysis of the data in conjunction with theory have assigned this activity to a meta stable state, ^257mDb. The ground state decays by alpha emission with energies 9.07 and 8.97 MeV. Spontaneous fission of ^257m,gDb was not confirmed in recent experiments.

Spectroscopic decay level schemes

²⁵⁷Db

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing dubnium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile	Target	CN	1n	2n	3n
⁵¹V	²⁰⁸Pb	²⁵⁹Db	1.54 nb, 15.6 MeV	1.8 nb, 23.7 MeV
⁵⁰Ti	²⁰⁹Bi	²⁵⁹Db	4.64 nb, 16.4 MeV	2.4 nb, 22.3 MeV	200 pb, 31.0 MeV

Hot fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing dubnium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile	Target	CN	4n	5n
²⁷Al	²³⁸U	²⁶⁵Db	+	+
²²Ne	²⁴¹Am	²⁶³Db	1.6 nb	3.6 nb
²²Ne	²⁴³Am	²⁶⁵Db	+	+
¹⁹F	²⁴⁸Cm	²⁶⁷Db		1.0 nb
¹⁸O	²⁴⁹Bk	²⁶⁷Db	10.0 nb	6.0 nb

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Stock, Reinhard (13 September 2013). Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9783527649266.
Munzenberg; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K. H.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Armbruster, P.; Sahm, C. C.; Thuma, B. (1981). "Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains". Z. Phys. A. 300 (1): 107–108. Bibcode:1981ZPhyA.300..107M. doi:10.1007/BF01412623. S2CID 118312056.
Hessberger, F. P.; Münzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; Agarwal, Y. K.; Poppensieker, K.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K.-H.; Schneider, J. R. H.; Schneider, W. F. W.; Schött, H. J.; Armbruster, P.; Thuma, B.; Sahm, C.-C.; Vermeulen, D. (1985). "The new isotopes ²⁵⁸105,²⁵⁷105,²⁵⁴Lr and ²⁵³Lr". Z. Phys. A. 322 (4): 4. Bibcode:1985ZPhyA.322..557H. doi:10.1007/BF01415134. S2CID 100784990.
F. P. Hessberger; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Ninov, V.; Leino, M.; Münzenberg, G.; Saro, S.; Lavrentev, A.; Popeko, A.G.; Yeremin, A.V.; Stodel, Ch. (2001). "Decay properties of neutron-deficient isotopes ^256,257Db,²⁵⁵Rf, ^252,253Lr". Eur. Phys. J. A. 12 (1): 57–67. Bibcode:2001EPJA...12...57H. doi:10.1007/s100500170039. S2CID 117896888. Archived from the original on 10 May 2002.
F. P. Hessberger; Antalic, S.; Streicher, B.; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Leino, M.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Nishio, K.; Saro, S.; Sulignano, B. (2005). "Energy systematics of low-lying Nilsson levels in odd-mass einsteinium isotopes". Eur. Phys. J. A. 26 (2): 233–239. Bibcode:2005EPJA...26..233H. doi:10.1140/epja/i2005-10171-6. S2CID 122997204.
Gates (2005). "Measurement of the ²⁰⁸Pb(⁵¹V, xn)^259−xDb Excitation Function" (PDF). LBNL Annual Report.
"238U studies" (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2009.
A. N. Andreyev; Bogdanov, D. D.; Chepigin, V. I.; Kabachenko, A. P.; Malyshev, O. N.; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Sagajdak, R. N.; Ter-Akopian, G. M.; Yeremin, A. V.; Hessberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Florek, M.; Saro, S.; Veselsky, M. (1992). "Investigation of the fusion reaction ²⁷Al +²³⁶U → ²⁶³105 at excitation energies of 57 MeV and 65 MeV". Z. Phys. A. 344 (2): 225–226. Bibcode:1992ZPhyA.344..225A. doi:10.1007/BF01291709. S2CID 118663913.
Z. G. Gan; Qin, Z.; Fan, H.M.; Lei, X.G.; Xu, Y.B.; He, J.J.; Liu, H.Y.; Wu, X.L.; Guo, J.S.; Zhou, X.H.; Yuan, S.G.; Jin, G.M. (2001). "A new alpha-particle-emitting isotope ²⁵⁹Db". Eur. Phys. J. A. 10 (1): 1. Bibcode:2001EPJA...10...21G. doi:10.1007/s100500170140. S2CID 121058089.
R. Dressler; Eichler, B.; Jost, D. T.; Piguet, D.; Türler, A.; Schädel, M.; Taut, S.; Yakushev, A. B.; Gärtner, M.; Schädel, M.; Taut, S.; Yakushev, A. (1999). "Production of ²⁶²Db (Z=105) in the reaction²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁹F, 5n)". Phys. Rev. C. 59 (6): 3433–3436. Bibcode:1999PhRvC..59.3433D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.59.3433.
Y. Nagame (2002). "Production Cross Sections of²⁶¹Rf and ²⁶²Db in Bombardments of ²⁴⁸Cm with ¹⁸O and ¹⁹F Ions". J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3: 85–88. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.3.85.
Ghiorso, A.; Nurmia, Matti; Eskola, Kari; Eskola, Pirkko (1971). "Two New Alpha-Particle Emitting Isotopes of Element 105, ²⁶¹Ha and ²⁶²Ha". Phys. Rev. C. 4 (5): 1850–1855. Bibcode:1971PhRvC...4.1850G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1850.
J. V. Kratz; Gober, M. K.; Zimmermann, H. P.; Gregorich, K. E.; Türler, A.; Hannink, N. J.; Czerwinski, K. R.; Kadkhodayan, B.; Lee, D. M.; Czerwinski, K.; Kadkhodayan, B.; Lee, D.; Nurmia, M.; Hoffman, D.; Gäggeler, H.; Jost, D.; Kovacs, J.; Scherer, U.; Weber, A. (1992). "New nuclide ²⁶³Ha". Phys. Rev. C. 45 (3): 1064–1069. Bibcode:1992PhRvC..45.1064K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.45.1064. PMID 9967857.
"EC of 263Db" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
A. Ghiorso; Nurmia, Matti; Eskola, Kari; Harris, James; Eskola, Pirkko (1970). "New Element Hahnium, Atomic Number 105". Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 (26): 1498–1503. Bibcode:1970PhRvL..24.1498G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.1498.
C. E. Bemis; Dittner, P. F.; Silva, R. J.; Hahn, R. L.; Tarrant, J. R.; Hunt, L. D.; Hensley, D. C. (1977). "Production, L x-ray identification, and decay of the nuclide ²⁶⁰105". Phys. Rev. C. 16 (3): 1146–1158. Bibcode:1977PhRvC..16.1146B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.16.1146.

Isotope masses from:
- M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-23E8-5. S2CID 250839471.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- G. Audi; F. G. Kondev; M. Wang; B. Pfeiffer; X. Sun; J. Blachot; M. MacCormick (2012). "The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1157–1286. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....1A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- GSI (2011). "Superheavy Element Research at GSI" (PDF). GSI. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[7] Db – Excited nuclear isomer.

[8] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-9] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[10] Modes of decay:

IT: Isomeric transition

SF: Spontaneous fission

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-12] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[ui-19] Existence of this isomer is unconfirmed

[22] Heaviest nuclide known to undergo β⁺ decay

[23] Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁸²Nh

[24] Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁸⁷Mc

[26] Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁸⁸Mc

[27] Not directly synthesized, occurs in the decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] Münzenberg, G.; Gupta, M. (2011). "Production and Identification of Transactinide Elements". Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer. p. 877. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0720-2_19.

[lifetimes-3] Six New Isotopes of the Superheavy Elements Discovered. Berkeley Lab. News center. October 26, 2010

[Mc2022-4] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022). "New isotope ²⁸⁶Mc produced in the ²⁴³Am+⁴⁸Ca reaction". Physical Review C. 106 (064306). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306.

[SHEfactory0922-5] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (29 September 2022). "First experiment at the Super Heavy Element Factory: High cross section of ²⁸⁸Mc in the²⁴³Am+⁴⁸Ca reaction and identification of the new isotope ²⁶⁴Lr". Physical Review C. 106 (3): L031301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.L031301. S2CID 252628992.

[270Db-Khuyagbaatar-6] Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2014). "⁴⁸Ca+²⁴⁹Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z=117: Long-Lived α-Decaying ²⁷⁰Db and Discovery of ²⁶⁶Lr". Physical Review Letters. 112 (17): 172501. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112q2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501. hdl:1885/148814. PMID 24836239. S2CID 5949620.

[255Db-Leppänen-13] Leppänen, A.-P. (2005). Alpha-decay and decay-tagging studies of heavy elements using the RITU separator (PDF) (Thesis). University of Jyväskylä. pp. 83–100. ISBN 978-951-39-3162-9. ISSN 0075-465X.

[14] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641.

[15] Streicher, B. (1 July 2006). "Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of transfermium isotopes with Z = 105, 106 and 107". Retrieved 2 July 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[16] Vostinar, M.; Heßberger, F. P.; Ackermann, D.; Andel, B.; Antalic, S.; Block, M.; Droese, Ch.; Even, J.; Heinz, S.; Kalaninova, Z.; Kojouharov, I.; Laatiaoui, M.; Mistry, A. K.; Piot, J.; Savajols, H. (14 February 2019). "Alpha-gamma decay studies of 258Db and its (grand)daughter nuclei 254Lr and 250Md". The European Physical Journal A. 55 (2): 17. Bibcode:2019EPJA...55...17V. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12701-y. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 254115080. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

[17] Bemis, C. E.; Dittner, P. F.; Silva, R. J.; Hahn, R. L.; Tarrant, J. R.; Hunt, L. D.; Hensley, D. C. (1 September 1977). "Production, L x-ray identification, and decay of the nuclide ²⁶⁰105". Physical Review C. 16 (3): 1146–1158. Bibcode:1977PhRvC..16.1146B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.16.1146. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

[18] Morita, K.; Morimoto, K.; Kaji, D.; Haba, H.; Ideguchi, E.; C. Peter, J.; Kanungo, R.; Katori, K.; Koura, H.; Kudo, H.; Ohnishi, T.; Ozawa, A.; Suda, T.; Sueki, K.; Tanihata, I.; Xu, H.; V. Yeremin, A.; Yoneda, A.; Yoshida, A.; Zhao, Y.-L.; Zheng, T.; Goto, S.; Tokanai, F. (15 July 2004). "Production and Decay Properties of 272 111 and its Daughter Nuclei". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1738–1744. Bibcode:2004JPSJ...73.1738M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.73.1738. ISSN 0031-9015. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

[20] Streicher, B.; Heßberger, F. P.; Antalic, S.; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Heinz, S.; Kindler, B.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kojouharov, I.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Leino, M.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Šáro, Š.; Sulignano, B.; Uusitalo, J.; Venhart, M. (1 September 2010). "Alpha-gamma decay studies of 261Sg and 257Rf". The European Physical Journal A. 45 (3): 275–286. Bibcode:2010EPJA...45..275S. doi:10.1140/epja/i2010-11005-2. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 120939068. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

[21] Haba, H.; Huang, M.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kudou, Y.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Ozeki, K.; Sakai, R.; Sumita, T.; Wakabayashi, Y.; Yoneda, A.; Kasamatsu, Y.; Kikutani, Y.; Komori, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Shinohara, A.; Kikunaga, H.; Kudo, H.; Nishio, K.; Toyoshima, A.; Tsukada, K. (28 February 2014). "Production of 262Db in the 248Cm(19F,5n)262Db reaction and decay properties of 262Db and 258Lr". Physical Review C. 89 (2): 024618. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.024618. Retrieved 2 July 2023.

[267Db-iwasaki-25] "Super Heavy Elements and Nuclei" (PDF). nscl.msu.edu. Retrieved 29 June 2023.

[270Db-Stock-28] Stock, Reinhard (13 September 2013). Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9783527649266.

[29] Munzenberg; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K. H.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Armbruster, P.; Sahm, C. C.; Thuma, B. (1981). "Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains". Z. Phys. A. 300 (1): 107–108. Bibcode:1981ZPhyA.300..107M. doi:10.1007/BF01412623. S2CID 118312056.

[30] Hessberger, F. P.; Münzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; Agarwal, Y. K.; Poppensieker, K.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K.-H.; Schneider, J. R. H.; Schneider, W. F. W.; Schött, H. J.; Armbruster, P.; Thuma, B.; Sahm, C.-C.; Vermeulen, D. (1985). "The new isotopes ²⁵⁸105,²⁵⁷105,²⁵⁴Lr and ²⁵³Lr". Z. Phys. A. 322 (4): 4. Bibcode:1985ZPhyA.322..557H. doi:10.1007/BF01415134. S2CID 100784990.

[31] F. P. Hessberger; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Ninov, V.; Leino, M.; Münzenberg, G.; Saro, S.; Lavrentev, A.; Popeko, A.G.; Yeremin, A.V.; Stodel, Ch. (2001). "Decay properties of neutron-deficient isotopes ^256,257Db,²⁵⁵Rf, ^252,253Lr". Eur. Phys. J. A. 12 (1): 57–67. Bibcode:2001EPJA...12...57H. doi:10.1007/s100500170039. S2CID 117896888. Archived from the original on 10 May 2002.

[32] F. P. Hessberger; Antalic, S.; Streicher, B.; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Leino, M.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Nishio, K.; Saro, S.; Sulignano, B. (2005). "Energy systematics of low-lying Nilsson levels in odd-mass einsteinium isotopes". Eur. Phys. J. A. 26 (2): 233–239. Bibcode:2005EPJA...26..233H. doi:10.1140/epja/i2005-10171-6. S2CID 122997204.

[33] Gates (2005). "Measurement of the ²⁰⁸Pb(⁵¹V, xn)^259−xDb Excitation Function" (PDF). LBNL Annual Report.

[34] "238U studies" (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[35] A. N. Andreyev; Bogdanov, D. D.; Chepigin, V. I.; Kabachenko, A. P.; Malyshev, O. N.; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Sagajdak, R. N.; Ter-Akopian, G. M.; Yeremin, A. V.; Hessberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Florek, M.; Saro, S.; Veselsky, M. (1992). "Investigation of the fusion reaction ²⁷Al +²³⁶U → ²⁶³105 at excitation energies of 57 MeV and 65 MeV". Z. Phys. A. 344 (2): 225–226. Bibcode:1992ZPhyA.344..225A. doi:10.1007/BF01291709. S2CID 118663913.

[36] Z. G. Gan; Qin, Z.; Fan, H.M.; Lei, X.G.; Xu, Y.B.; He, J.J.; Liu, H.Y.; Wu, X.L.; Guo, J.S.; Zhou, X.H.; Yuan, S.G.; Jin, G.M. (2001). "A new alpha-particle-emitting isotope ²⁵⁹Db". Eur. Phys. J. A. 10 (1): 1. Bibcode:2001EPJA...10...21G. doi:10.1007/s100500170140. S2CID 121058089.

[37] R. Dressler; Eichler, B.; Jost, D. T.; Piguet, D.; Türler, A.; Schädel, M.; Taut, S.; Yakushev, A. B.; Gärtner, M.; Schädel, M.; Taut, S.; Yakushev, A. (1999). "Production of ²⁶²Db (Z=105) in the reaction²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁹F, 5n)". Phys. Rev. C. 59 (6): 3433–3436. Bibcode:1999PhRvC..59.3433D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.59.3433.

[38] Y. Nagame (2002). "Production Cross Sections of²⁶¹Rf and ²⁶²Db in Bombardments of ²⁴⁸Cm with ¹⁸O and ¹⁹F Ions". J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3: 85–88. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.3.85.

[260Db-Ghiorso1971-39] Ghiorso, A.; Nurmia, Matti; Eskola, Kari; Eskola, Pirkko (1971). "Two New Alpha-Particle Emitting Isotopes of Element 105, ²⁶¹Ha and ²⁶²Ha". Phys. Rev. C. 4 (5): 1850–1855. Bibcode:1971PhRvC...4.1850G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1850.

[40] J. V. Kratz; Gober, M. K.; Zimmermann, H. P.; Gregorich, K. E.; Türler, A.; Hannink, N. J.; Czerwinski, K. R.; Kadkhodayan, B.; Lee, D. M.; Czerwinski, K.; Kadkhodayan, B.; Lee, D.; Nurmia, M.; Hoffman, D.; Gäggeler, H.; Jost, D.; Kovacs, J.; Scherer, U.; Weber, A. (1992). "New nuclide ²⁶³Ha". Phys. Rev. C. 45 (3): 1064–1069. Bibcode:1992PhRvC..45.1064K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.45.1064. PMID 9967857.

[41] "EC of 263Db" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[42] A. Ghiorso; Nurmia, Matti; Eskola, Kari; Harris, James; Eskola, Pirkko (1970). "New Element Hahnium, Atomic Number 105". Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 (26): 1498–1503. Bibcode:1970PhRvL..24.1498G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.1498.

[43] C. E. Bemis; Dittner, P. F.; Silva, R. J.; Hahn, R. L.; Tarrant, J. R.; Hunt, L. D.; Hensley, D. C. (1977). "Production, L x-ray identification, and decay of the nuclide ²⁶⁰105". Phys. Rev. C. 16 (3): 1146–1158. Bibcode:1977PhRvC..16.1146B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.16.1146.

IT:	Isomeric transition
SF:	Spontaneous fission

Isotopes of dubnium

List of isotopes

Nucleosynthesis history

Cold fusion

Hot fusion

Decay of heavier nuclides

Chronology of isotope discovery

Isomerism

260Db

258Db

257Db

Spectroscopic decay level schemes

257Db

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

Hot fusion

References

²⁶⁰Db

²⁵⁸Db

²⁵⁷Db

²⁵⁷Db