Isotopes of magnesium

Isotopes of magnesium (₁₂Mg)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Mg)
	[24.304, 24.307][2]; 24.305±0.002 (abridged)[3];

Magnesium (₁₂Mg) naturally occurs in three stable isotopes: ²⁴
Mg, ²⁵
Mg, and ²⁶
Mg. There are 19 radioisotopes that have been discovered, ranging from ¹⁸
Mg to ⁴⁰
Mg (with the exception of ³⁹
Mg). The longest-lived radioisotope is ²⁸
Mg with a half-life of 20.915(9) h. The lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes of sodium while the heavier isotopes decay to isotopes of aluminium. The shortest-lived is proton-unbound ¹⁸
Mg with a half-life of 4.0(3.4) zeptoseconds.

A precise measurement of the neutron-rich ⁴⁰Mg in 2019 showed the unexpected difference in its nuclear structure, compared to the lighter neighboring isotopes.[4][5]

List of isotopes

Nuclide	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)[6] [n 1]	Half-life[1] [n 2]	Decay mode[1] [n 3]	Daughter isotope [n 4]	Spin and parity[1] [n 5][n 2]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)[6] [n 1]	Half-life[1] [n 2]	Decay mode[1] [n 3]	Daughter isotope [n 4]	Spin and parity[1] [n 5][n 2]	Normal proportion[1]	Range of variation
¹⁸ Mg[7]	12	6		4.0(3.4) zs	2p	¹⁶ Ne	0+
¹⁹ Mg	12	7	19.034180(60)	5(3) ps	2p	¹⁷ Ne	1/2−#
²⁰ Mg	12	8	20.0187631(20)	90.4(5) ms	β⁺ (69.7(1.2)%)	²⁰ Na	0+
²⁰ Mg	12	8	20.0187631(20)	90.4(5) ms	β⁺p (30.3(1.2)%)	¹⁹ Ne	0+
²¹ Mg	12	9	21.0117058(8)	120.0(4) ms	β⁺ (79.8(2.1)%)	²¹ Na	5/2+
					β⁺p (20.1(2.1)%)	²⁰ Ne
					β⁺α (0.116(18)%)	¹⁷ F
					β⁺pα (0.016(3)%)	¹⁶ O
²² Mg	12	10	21.99957060(17)	3.8745(7) s	β⁺	²² Na	0+
²³ Mg	12	11	22.99412377(3)	11.3039(32) s	β⁺	²³ Na	3/2+
²⁴ Mg	12	12	23.985041689(14)	Stable			0+	[0.7888, 0.7905]
²⁵ Mg	12	13	24.98583697(5)	Stable			5/2+	[0.09988, 0.10034]
²⁶ Mg[n 6]	12	14	25.98259297(3)	Stable			0+	[0.1096, 0.1109]
²⁷ Mg	12	15	26.98434065(5)	9.435(27) min	β⁻	²⁷ Al	1/2+
²⁸ Mg	12	16	27.98387543(28)	20.915(9) h	β⁻	²⁸ Al	0+
²⁹ Mg	12	17	28.9886072(4)	1.30(12) s	β⁻	²⁹ Al	3/2+
³⁰ Mg	12	18	29.9904655(14)	317(4) ms	β⁻ (> 99.94%)	³⁰ Al	0+
³⁰ Mg	12	18	29.9904655(14)	317(4) ms	β⁻n (< 0.06%)	²⁹ Al	0+
³¹ Mg	12	19	30.996648(3)	270(2) ms	β⁻ (93.8(1.9)%)	³¹ Al	1/2+
³¹ Mg	12	19	30.996648(3)	270(2) ms	β⁻n (6.2(1.9)%)	³⁰ Al	1/2+
³² Mg	12	20	31.999110(4)	80.4(4) ms	β⁻ (94.5(5)%)	³² Al	0+
³² Mg	12	20	31.999110(4)	80.4(4) ms	β⁻n (5.5(5)%)	³¹ Al	0+
³³ Mg	12	21	33.0053279(29)	92.0(1.2) ms	β⁻ (86(2)%)	³³ Al	3/2−
					β⁻n (14(2)%)	³² Al
					β⁻2n ?[n 7]	³¹ Al ?
³⁴ Mg	12	22	34.008935(7)	44.9(4) ms	β⁻ (> 78.9(7.0)%)	³⁴ Al	0+
					β⁻n (21(7)%)	³³ Al
					β⁻2n (< 0.1%)	³² Al
³⁵ Mg	12	23	35.01679(29)	11.3(6) ms	β⁻n (52(46)%)	³⁴ Al	(3/2−, 5/2−)
					β⁻ (48(46)%)	³⁵ Al
					β⁻2n ?[n 7]	³³ Al ?
³⁶ Mg	12	24	36.02188(74)	3.9(1.3) ms	β⁻ (52(12)%)	³⁶ Al	0+
					β⁻n (48(12)%)	³⁵ Al
					β⁻2n ?[n 7]	³⁴ Al ?
³⁷ Mg	12	25	37.03029(75)	8(4) ms	β⁻ ?[n 7]	³⁷ Al ?	(3/2−)
					β⁻n ?[n 7]	³⁶ Al ?
					β⁻2n ?[n 7]	³⁵ Al ?
³⁸ Mg	12	26	38.03658(54)#	3.1(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms[8]	β⁻n (81%)	³⁷ Al	0+
					β⁻ (9%)	³⁸ Al
					β⁻2n (9%)	³⁶ Al
⁴⁰ Mg	12	28	40.05319(54)#	1# ms [> 170 ns]	β⁻ ?[n 7]	⁴⁰ Al ?	0+
					β⁻n ?[n 7]	³⁹ Al ?
					β⁻2n ?[n 7]	³⁸ Al ?
This table header & footer:

( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
Modes of decay:

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
Used in radiodating events early in the Solar System's history
Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

External links

Magnesium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

References

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
"Standard Atomic Weights: Magnesium". CIAAW. 2011.
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
glennroberts (2019-02-07). "New Measurements of Exotic Magnesium Suggest Surprising Shape-Shift". Berkeley Lab News Center. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
"NP A Change in Structure for a S... | U.S. DOE Office of Science(SC)". science.osti.gov. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
Jin, Y.; et al. (2021). "First observation of the four-proton unbound nucleus ¹⁸Mg". Physical Review Letters. 127 (262502): 262502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.262502. OSTI 1837749. PMID 35029460. S2CID 245434485.
Crawford, H. L.; Tripathi, V.; Allmond, J. M.; et al. (2022). "Crossing N = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 129 (212501): 212501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129u2501C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501. PMID 36461950. S2CID 253600995.

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[7] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TNN-8] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[9] Modes of decay:

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[13] Used in radiodating events early in the Solar System's history

[decay_mode_1-14] Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Magnesium". CIAAW. 2011.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] roberts (2019-02-07). "New Measurements of Exotic Magnesium Suggest Surprising Shape-Shift". Berkeley Lab News Center. Retrieved 2023-09-10.

[5] "NP A Change in Structure for a S... | U.S. DOE Office of Science(SC)". science.osti.gov. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2023-09-10.

[AME2020_II-6] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[18Mg-12] Jin, Y.; et al. (2021). "First observation of the four-proton unbound nucleus ¹⁸Mg". Physical Review Letters. 127 (262502): 262502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.262502. OSTI 1837749. PMID 35029460. S2CID 245434485.

[NR129-15] Crawford, H. L.; Tripathi, V.; Allmond, J. M.; et al. (2022). "Crossing N = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 129 (212501): 212501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129u2501C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501. PMID 36461950. S2CID 253600995.

n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission