Isotopes of manganese

Isotopes of manganese (₂₅Mn)
β−	54Fe
β+	54Cr
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Mn)
	54.938043±0.000002[2]; 54.938±0.001 (abridged)[3];

Naturally occurring manganese (₂₅Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, ⁵⁵Mn. 26 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁵³Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, ⁵⁴Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and ⁵²Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a minute. This element also has 3 meta states.

Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosions. ⁵³Mn decays to ⁵³Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, ⁵³Mn occurs only in tiny amounts due to the action of cosmic rays on iron in rocks.[4] Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn−Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from ²⁶Al and ¹⁰⁷Pd for the early history of the Solar System. Variations in ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial ⁵³Mn/⁵⁵Mn ratio that suggests Mn−Cr isotopic systematics must result from in-situ decay of ⁵³Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence ⁵³Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the Solar System.

The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 46 u (⁴⁶Mn) to 72 u (⁷²Mn). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ⁵⁵Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3]	Half-life	Decay mode [n 4]	Daughter isotope [n 5]	Spin and parity [n 6][n 7]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide [n 1]	Excitation energy[n 7]			Half-life	Decay mode [n 4]	Daughter isotope [n 5]	Spin and parity [n 6][n 7]	Normal proportion	Range of variation
⁴⁶Mn	25	21	45.98672(12)#	37(3) ms	β⁺ (78%)	⁴⁶Cr	(4+)
					β⁺, p (22%)	⁴⁵V
					β⁺, α (<1%)	⁴²Ti
					β⁺, 2p (<1%)	⁴⁴Ti
^46mMn	150(100)# keV			1# ms	β⁺	⁴⁶Cr	1-#
⁴⁷Mn	25	22	46.97610(17)#	100(50) ms	β⁺ (96.6%)	⁴⁷Cr	5/2−#
⁴⁷Mn	25	22	46.97610(17)#	100(50) ms	β⁺, p (3.4%)	⁴⁶V	5/2−#
⁴⁸Mn	25	23	47.96852(12)	158.1(22) ms	β⁺ (99.71%)	⁴⁸Cr	4+
					β⁺, p (.027%)	⁴⁷V
					β⁺, α (6×10⁻⁴%)	⁴⁴Ti
⁴⁹Mn	25	24	48.959618(26)	382(7) ms	β⁺	⁴⁹Cr	5/2−
⁵⁰Mn	25	25	49.9542382(11)	283.29(8) ms	β⁺	⁵⁰Cr	0+
^50mMn	229(7) keV			1.75(3) min	β⁺	⁵⁰Cr	5+
⁵¹Mn	25	26	50.9482108(11)	46.2(1) min	β⁺	⁵¹Cr	5/2−
⁵²Mn	25	27	51.9455655(21)	5.591(3) d	β⁺	⁵²Cr	6+
^52mMn	377.749(5) keV			21.1(2) min	β⁺ (98.25%)	⁵²Cr	2+
^52mMn	377.749(5) keV			21.1(2) min	IT (1.75%)	⁵²Mn	2+
⁵³Mn	25	28	52.9412901(9)	3.7(4)×10⁶ y	EC	⁵³Cr	7/2−	trace
⁵⁴Mn	25	29	53.9403589(14)	312.03(3) d	EC 99.99%	⁵⁴Cr	3+
					β⁻ (2.9×10⁻⁴%)	⁵⁴Fe
					β⁺ (5.76×10⁻⁷%)	⁵⁴Cr
⁵⁵Mn	25	30	54.9380451(7)	Stable			5/2−	1.0000
⁵⁶Mn	25	31	55.9389049(7)	2.5789(1) h	β⁻	⁵⁶Fe	3+
⁵⁷Mn	25	32	56.9382854(20)	85.4(18) s	β⁻	⁵⁷Fe	5/2−
⁵⁸Mn	25	33	57.93998(3)	3.0(1) s	β⁻	⁵⁸Fe	1+
^58mMn	71.78(5) keV			65.2(5) s	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁵⁸Fe	(4)+
^58mMn	71.78(5) keV			65.2(5) s	IT (<.1%)	⁵⁸Mn	(4)+
⁵⁹Mn	25	34	58.94044(3)	4.59(5) s	β⁻	⁵⁹Fe	(5/2)−
⁶⁰Mn	25	35	59.94291(9)	51(6) s	β⁻	⁶⁰Fe	0+
^60mMn	271.90(10) keV			1.77(2) s	β⁻ (88.5%)	⁶⁰Fe	3+
^60mMn	271.90(10) keV			1.77(2) s	IT (11.5%)	⁶⁰Mn	3+
⁶¹Mn	25	36	60.94465(24)	0.67(4) s	β⁻	⁶¹Fe	(5/2)−
⁶²Mn	25	37	61.94843(24)	671(5) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁶²Fe	(3+)
⁶²Mn	25	37	61.94843(24)	671(5) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁶¹Fe	(3+)
^62mMn	0(150)# keV			92(13) ms			(1+)
⁶³Mn	25	38	62.95024(28)	275(4) ms	β⁻	⁶³Fe	5/2−#
⁶⁴Mn	25	39	63.95425(29)	88.8(25) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁶⁴Fe	(1+)
⁶⁴Mn	25	39	63.95425(29)	88.8(25) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁶³Fe	(1+)
^64mMn	135(3) keV			>100 μs
⁶⁵Mn	25	40	64.95634(58)	92(1) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁶⁵Fe	5/2−#
⁶⁵Mn	25	40	64.95634(58)	92(1) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁶⁴Fe	5/2−#
⁶⁶Mn	25	41	65.96108(43)#	64.4(18) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁶⁶Fe
⁶⁶Mn	25	41	65.96108(43)#	64.4(18) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁶⁵Fe
⁶⁷Mn	25	42	66.96414(54)#	45(3) ms	β⁻	⁶⁷Fe	5/2−#
⁶⁸Mn	25	43	67.96930(64)#	28(4) ms
⁶⁹Mn	25	44	68.97284(86)#	14(4) ms			5/2−#
⁷⁰Mn[5]	25	45	69.978050(540)#	19.9(17) ms	β⁻=?	⁷⁰Fe	(4,5)
					β⁻, n?[n 8]	⁶⁹Fe
					β⁻, 2n?[n 8]	⁶⁸Fe
⁷¹Mn[6]	25	46	70.982160(540)#	16# ms (>400 ns)	β⁻?[n 8]	⁷¹Fe	5/2-#
					β⁻, n?[n 8]	⁷⁰Fe
					β⁻, 2n?[n 8]	⁶⁹Fe
⁷²Mn[7]	25	47	71.988010(640)#	12# ms (>620 ns)	β⁻?[n 8]	⁷²Fe
					β⁻, n?[n 8]	⁷¹Fe
					β⁻, 2n?[n 8]	⁷⁰Fe
⁷³Mn[8]	25	48	72.992810(640)#	12# ms (>410 ns)	β⁻?[n 8]	⁷³Fe	5/2−#
This table header & footer:

^mMn – Excited nuclear isomer.
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

References

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
"Standard Atomic Weights: Manganese". CIAAW. 2017.
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
J. Schaefer; et al. (2006). "Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 251 (3–4): 334–345. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.251..334S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016.
Tarasov, O. B.; et al. (April 2009). "Evidence for a Change in the Nuclear Mass Surface with the Discovery of the Most Neutron-Rich Nuclei with 17 ≤ Z ≤ 25". Physical Review Letters. 102 (14): 142501. arXiv:0903.1975. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.142501. PMID 19392430. S2CID 42329617. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
Ohnishi, Tetsuya; et al. (July 2010). "Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 79 (7): 073201. arXiv:1006.0305. Bibcode:2010JPSJ...79g3201T. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201. S2CID 117037614. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
Tarasov, O. B.; et al. (May 2013). "Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612. S2CID 41501572. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
T. Sumikama; et al. (May 2017). "Observation of new neutron-rich Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu isotopes in the vicinity of 78 Ni". Physical Review C. 95 (5): 051601. Bibcode:2017PhRvC..95e1601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.95.051601. hdl:10261/161832. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[5] Mn – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[9] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[10] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-11] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[decay_mode_1-13] Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Manganese". CIAAW. 2017.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] J. Schaefer; et al. (2006). "Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 251 (3–4): 334–345. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.251..334S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016.

[12] Tarasov, O. B.; et al. (April 2009). "Evidence for a Change in the Nuclear Mass Surface with the Discovery of the Most Neutron-Rich Nuclei with 17 ≤ Z ≤ 25". Physical Review Letters. 102 (14): 142501. arXiv:0903.1975. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.142501. PMID 19392430. S2CID 42329617. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[14] Ohnishi, Tetsuya; et al. (July 2010). "Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 79 (7): 073201. arXiv:1006.0305. Bibcode:2010JPSJ...79g3201T. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201. S2CID 117037614. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[15] Tarasov, O. B.; et al. (May 2013). "Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612. S2CID 41501572. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[16] T. Sumikama; et al. (May 2017). "Observation of new neutron-rich Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu isotopes in the vicinity of 78 Ni". Physical Review C. 95 (5): 051601. Bibcode:2017PhRvC..95e1601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.95.051601. hdl:10261/161832. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission