Isotopes of tin

Isotopes of tin (₅₀Sn)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sn)
	118.710±0.007[2]; 118.71±0.01 (abridged)[3];

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay). This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) (discovered in 1994)[4] and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)[5] [n 2][n 3]	Half-life [n 4]	Decay mode [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6]	Spin and parity [n 7][n 4]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide [n 1]	Excitation energy[n 4]			Half-life [n 4]	Decay mode [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6]	Spin and parity [n 7][n 4]	Normal proportion	Range of variation
⁹⁹Sn[n 8]	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺ (95%)	⁹⁹In	9/2+#
⁹⁹Sn[n 8]	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺, p (5%)	⁹⁸Cd	9/2+#
¹⁰⁰Sn	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺ (>83%)	¹⁰⁰In	0+
¹⁰⁰Sn	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺, p (<17%)	⁹⁹Cd	0+
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰¹In	(7/2+)
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺, p?	¹⁰⁰Cd	(7/2+)
¹⁰²Sn	50	52	101.93029(11)	3.8(2) s	β⁺	¹⁰²In	0+
^102mSn	2017(2) keV			367(8) ns	IT	¹⁰²Sn	(6+)
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺ (98.8%)	¹⁰³In	5/2+#
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺, p (1.2%)	¹⁰²Cd	5/2+#
¹⁰⁴Sn	50	54	103.923105(6)	20.8(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁴In	0+
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁵In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺, p (0.011%)	¹⁰⁴Cd	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁶Sn	50	56	105.916957(5)	1.92(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁶In	0+
¹⁰⁷Sn	50	57	106.915714(6)	2.90(5) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁷In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁸Sn	50	58	107.911894(6)	10.30(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁸In	0+
¹⁰⁹Sn	50	59	108.911293(9)	18.1(2) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁹In	5/2+
¹¹⁰Sn	50	60	109.907845(15)	4.154(4) h	EC	¹¹⁰In	0+
¹¹¹Sn	50	61	110.907741(6)	35.3(6) min	β⁺	¹¹¹In	7/2+
^111mSn	254.71(4) keV			12.5(10) μs	IT	¹¹¹Sn	1/2+
¹¹²Sn	50	62	111.9048249(3)	Observationally Stable[n 9]			0+	0.0097(1)
¹¹³Sn	50	63	112.9051759(17)	115.08(4) d	β⁺	¹¹³In	1/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	IT (91.1%)	¹¹³Sn	7/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	β⁺ (8.9%)	¹¹³In	7/2+
¹¹⁴Sn	50	64	113.90278013(3)	Stable			0+	0.0066(1)
^114mSn	3087.37(7) keV			733(14) ns	IT	¹¹⁴Sn	7−
¹¹⁵Sn	50	65	114.903344696(16)	Stable			1/2+	0.0034(1)
^115m1Sn	612.81(4) keV			3.26(8) μs			7/2+
^115m2Sn	713.64(12) keV			159(1) μs			11/2−
¹¹⁶Sn	50	66	115.90174283(10)	Stable			0+	0.1454(9)
¹¹⁷Sn	50	67	116.9029540(5)	Stable			1/2+	0.0768(7)
^117m1Sn	314.58(4) keV			13.76(4) d	IT	¹¹⁷Sn	11/2−
^117m2Sn	2406.4(4) keV			1.75(7) μs			(19/2+)
¹¹⁸Sn	50	68	117.9016066(5)	Stable			0+	0.2422(9)
¹¹⁹Sn	50	69	118.9033113(8)	Stable			1/2+	0.0859(4)
^119m1Sn	89.531(13) keV			293.1(7) d	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	11/2−
^119m2Sn	2127.0(10) keV			9.6(12) μs			(19/2+)
¹²⁰Sn	50	70	119.9022026(10)	Stable			0+	0.3258(9)
^120m1Sn	2481.63(6) keV			11.8(5) μs			(7−)
^120m2Sn	2902.22(22) keV			6.26(11) μs			(10+)#
¹²¹Sn[n 10]	50	71	120.9042435(11)	27.03(4) h	β⁻	¹²¹Sb	3/2+
^121m1Sn	6.30(6) keV			43.9(5) y	IT (77.6%)	¹²¹Sn	11/2−
^121m1Sn	6.30(6) keV			43.9(5) y	β⁻ (22.4%)	¹²¹Sb	11/2−
^121m2Sn	1998.8(9) keV			5.3(5) μs			(19/2+)#
^121m3Sn	2834.6(18) keV			0.167(25) μs			(27/2−)
¹²²Sn[n 10]	50	72	121.9034455(26)	Observationally Stable[n 11]			0+	0.0463(3)
¹²³Sn[n 10]	50	73	122.9057271(27)	129.2(4) d	β⁻	¹²³Sb	11/2−
^123m1Sn	24.6(4) keV			40.06(1) min	β⁻	¹²³Sb	3/2+
^123m2Sn	1945.0(10) keV			7.4(26) μs			(19/2+)
^123m3Sn	2153.0(12) keV			6 μs			(23/2+)
^123m4Sn	2713.0(14) keV			34 μs			(27/2−)
¹²⁴Sn[n 10]	50	74	123.9052796(14)	Observationally Stable[n 12]			0+	0.0579(5)
^124m1Sn	2204.622(23) keV			0.27(6) μs			5-
^124m2Sn	2325.01(4) keV			3.1(5) μs			7−
^124m3Sn	2656.6(5) keV			45(5) μs			(10+)#
¹²⁵Sn[n 10]	50	75	124.9077894(14)	9.64(3) d	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	11/2−
^125mSn	27.50(14) keV			9.52(5) min	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	3/2+
¹²⁶Sn[n 13]	50	76	125.907659(11)	2.30(14)×10⁵ y	β⁻ (66.5%)	^126m2Sb	0+		< 10⁻¹⁴[6]
¹²⁶Sn[n 13]	50	76	125.907659(11)	2.30(14)×10⁵ y	β⁻ (33.5%)	^126m1Sb	0+		< 10⁻¹⁴[6]
^126m1Sn	2218.99(8) keV			6.6(14) μs			7−
^126m2Sn	2564.5(5) keV			7.7(5) μs			(10+)#
¹²⁷Sn	50	77	126.910392(10)	2.10(4) h	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	(11/2−)
^127mSn	4.7(3) keV			4.13(3) min	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	(3/2+)
¹²⁸Sn	50	78	127.910508(19)	59.07(14) min	β⁻	¹²⁸Sb	0+
^128mSn	2091.50(11) keV			6.5(5) s	IT	¹²⁸Sn	(7−)
¹²⁹Sn	50	79	128.913482(19)	2.23(4) min	β⁻	¹²⁹Sb	(3/2+)#
^129mSn	35.2(3) keV			6.9(1) min	β⁻ (99.99%)	¹²⁹Sb	(11/2−)#
^129mSn	35.2(3) keV			6.9(1) min	IT (.002%)	¹²⁹Sn	(11/2−)#
¹³⁰Sn	50	80	129.9139745(20)	3.72(7) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	0+
^130m1Sn	1946.88(10) keV			1.7(1) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	(7−)#
^130m2Sn	2434.79(12) keV			1.61(15) μs			(10+)
¹³¹Sn	50	81	130.917053(4)	56.0(5) s	β⁻	¹³¹Sb	(3/2+)
^131m1Sn	80(30)# keV			58.4(5) s	β⁻ (99.99%)	¹³¹Sb	(11/2−)
^131m1Sn	80(30)# keV			58.4(5) s	IT (.0004%)	¹³¹Sn	(11/2−)
^131m2Sn	4846.7(9) keV			300(20) ns			(19/2− to 23/2−)
¹³²Sn	50	82	131.9178239(21)	39.7(8) s	β⁻	¹³²Sb	0+
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.45(3) s	β⁻ (99.97%)	¹³³Sb	(7/2−)#
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.45(3) s	β⁻, n (.0294%)	¹³²Sb	(7/2−)#
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	1.050(11) s	β⁻ (83%)	¹³⁴Sb	0+
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	1.050(11) s	β⁻, n (17%)	¹³³Sb	0+
¹³⁵Sn	50	85	134.934909(3)	530(20) ms	β⁻	¹³⁵Sb	(7/2−)
¹³⁵Sn	50	85	134.934909(3)	530(20) ms	β⁻, n	¹³⁴Sb	(7/2−)
¹³⁶Sn	50	86	135.93970(22)#	0.25(3) s	β⁻	¹³⁶Sb	0+
¹³⁶Sn	50	86	135.93970(22)#	0.25(3) s	β⁻, n	¹³⁵Sb	0+
¹³⁷Sn	50	87	136.94616(32)#	190(60) ms	β⁻	¹³⁷Sb	5/2−#
¹³⁸Sn	50	88	137.95114(43)#	140 ms +30-20	β⁻	¹³⁸Sb
^138mSn	1344(2) keV			210(45) ns
¹³⁹Sn	50	89	138.95780(43)#	130 ms	β⁻	¹³⁹Sb
¹⁴⁰Sn	50	90	139.96297(32)#	50# ms [>550 ns]	β⁻?	¹⁴⁰Sb	0+
					β⁻, n?	¹³⁹Sb
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁸Sb
This table header & footer:

^mSn – Excited nuclear isomer.
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons
Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd
Fission product
Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te
Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 100×10¹⁵ years
Long-lived fission product

Tin-117m

Tin-117m is a radioisotope of tin. One of its uses is in a particulate suspension to treat canine synovitis (radiosynoviorthesis).[7]

Tin-121m

Tin-121m (^121mSn) is a radioisotope and nuclear isomer of tin with a half-life of 43.9 years.

In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce tin-121 at higher yields. For example, its yield from uranium-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fission.[8]

Tin-126

Yield, % per fission[8]
	Thermal	Fast	14 MeV
²³²Th	not fissile	0.0481 ± 0.0077	0.87 ± 0.20
²³³U	0.224 ± 0.018	0.278 ± 0.022	1.92 ± 0.31
²³⁵U	0.056 ± 0.004	0.0137 ± 0.001	1.70 ± 0.14
²³⁸U	not fissile	0.054 ± 0.004	1.31 ± 0.21
²³⁹Pu	0.199 ± 0.016	0.26 ± 0.02	2.02 ± 0.22
²⁴¹Pu	0.082 ± 0.019	0.22 ± 0.03	?

Tin-126 is a radioisotope of tin and one of the only seven long-lived fission products of uranium and plutonium. While tin-126's half-life of 230,000 years translates to a low specific activity of gamma radiation, its short-lived decay products, two isomers of antimony-126, emit 17 and 40 keV gamma radiation and a 3.67 MeV beta particle on their way to stable tellurium-126, making external exposure to tin-126 a potential concern.

Tin-126 is in the middle of the mass range for fission products. Thermal reactors, which make up almost all current nuclear power plants, produce it at a very low yield (0.056% for ²³⁵U), since slow neutrons almost always fission ²³⁵U or ²³⁹Pu into unequal halves. Fast fission in a fast reactor or nuclear weapon, or fission of some heavy minor actinides such as californium, will produce it at higher yields.

ANL factsheet

References

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
"Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine; J. Homolka; P. Kienle; H. J. Körner; G. Münzenberg; J. Reinhold; K. Zeitelhack (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of ¹⁰⁰Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A. 616 (1–2): 341–345. Bibcode:1997NuPhA.616..341S. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1.
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
H.-T. Shen; et al. "Research on measurement of ¹²⁶Sn by AMS" (PDF). accelconf.web.cern.ch.
"https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin" (PDF). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[5] Sn – Excited nuclear isomer.

[7] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-8] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-9] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[10] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[11] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[12] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[13] Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons

[14] Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd

[FP-15] Fission product

[16] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te

[17] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 100×10¹⁵ years

[18] Long-lived fission product

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine; J. Homolka; P. Kienle; H. J. Körner; G. Münzenberg; J. Reinhold; K. Zeitelhack (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of ¹⁰⁰Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A. 616 (1–2): 341–345. Bibcode:1997NuPhA.616..341S. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1.

[AME2020_II-6] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[19] H.-T. Shen; et al. "Research on measurement of ¹²⁶Sn by AMS" (PDF). accelconf.web.cern.ch.

[20] "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin" (PDF). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[Chadwick-21] M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission