Phenanthrene

Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a colorless, crystal-like solid, but can also appear yellow. Phenanthrene is used to make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives, and drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol and steroids.[3]

Phenanthrene
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Phenanthrene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
1905428
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.001.437
EC Number
  • 266-028-2
28699
KEGG
MeSH C031181
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C14H10/c1-3-7-13-11(5-1)9-10-12-6-2-4-8-14(12)13/h1-10H N
    Key: YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
  • InChI=1/C14H10/c1-3-7-13-11(5-1)9-10-12-6-2-4-8-14(12)13/h1-10H
    Key: YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYAC
  • C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=CC3=CC=CC=C32
Properties
C14H10
Molar mass 178.234 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless solid
Density 1.18 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 101 °C (214 °F; 374 K)[1]
Boiling point 332 °C (630 °F; 605 K)[1]
1.6 mg/L[1]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
 −127.9·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
1
1
0
Flash point 171 °C (340 °F; 444 K)[1]
Structure
C2v[2]
0 D
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke, but there are many routes of exposure. Animal studies have shown that phenanthrene is a potential carcinogen.[3] However, according to IARC, it is not identified as a probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen.[4]

Phenanthrene's three fused rings are angled as in the phenacenes, rather than straight as in the acenes. The compound with a phenanthrene skeleton and nitrogens at the 4 and 5 positions is known as phenanthroline.

Chemistry

Phenanthrene is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in most low-polarity organic solvents such as toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic acid and benzene.

The Bardhan–Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis is a classic way to make phenanthrenes.[5]

This process involves electrophilic aromatic substitution using a tethered cyclohexanol group using diphosphorus pentoxide, which closes the central ring onto an existing aromatic ring. Dehydrogenation using selenium converts the other rings into aromatic ones as well. The aromatization of six-membered rings by selenium is not clearly understood, but it does produce H2Se.

Phenanthrene can also be obtained photochemically from certain diarylethenes.

Reactions of phenanthrene typically occur at the 9 and 10 positions, including:

Canonical forms

Phenanthrene is more stable than its linear isomer anthracene. A classic and well established explanation is based on Clar's rule. A novel theory invokes so-called stabilizing hydrogen–hydrogen bonds between the C4 and C5 hydrogen atoms.

Natural occurrences

Ravatite is a natural mineral consisting of phenanthrene.[11] It is found in small amounts among a few coal burning sites. Ravatite represents a small group of organic minerals.

In plants
Main article: Phenanthrenes

See also
  • Chrysene

References
  1. Record of CAS RN 85-01-8 in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  2. Peter Atkins, J. D. P., Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford: 2010. P. 443.
  3. "Phenanthrene Fact Sheet" (PDF). archive.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  4. "Phenanthrene". Sigma-Alrdich.
  5. "Bardhan Sengupta Synthesis". Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents. Vol. 49. 2010. pp. 215–219. doi:10.1002/9780470638859.conrr049. ISBN 9780470638859.
  6. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p. 757 (1963); Vol. 34, p. 76 (1954).
  7. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p. 313 (1963); Vol. 34, p. 31 (1954).
  8. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 3, p. 134 (1955); Vol. 28, p. 19 (1948).
  9. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 2, p. 482 (1943); Vol. 16, p. 63 (1936).
  10. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p. 489 (1973); Vol. 41, p. 41 (1961).
  11. Ravatite Mineral Data
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